Application Topic Fight Poverty, Fight Illiteracy in Mississippi

Grant Proposal/Application Topic Fight Poverty, Fight Illiteracy in Mississippi Executive Summary Mother Teresa spent countless days and a better part of her life taking care of the lives of the less fortunate regardless of where they came from, gender, religion, and or race. She sought to see their faces full of joy, just as it is for the few wealthy and privileged people around the world. She did this passion-driven service until she met her death.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Grant Proposal/Application Topic: Fight Poverty, Fight Illiteracy in Mississippi specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Despite the fact that she stood out as a figure that showed the need to take care of the less privileged, it is surprising that very few have taken over from her. Millions and millions of people are dying every minute because of lack of food, medical services, and or attention. In fact, extreme poverty, increased preventable deaths, and lack of accessibility to education by children are becoming out-of- hand challenges in some cities in the US. Mississippi is one of the poorest states in the US. A good number of the poor is women, majority of who have children. The poor conditions have hiked the level of illiteracy among the children in Mississippi, as they cannot afford quality education because of their poor parents. Again, such women have been exposed to risky sexual behaviors as they toil hard to make ends meet. They also have low self-esteem because of their status. Therefore, there is a need for a program that empowers these women psychologically and economically, an effort that will also boost literacy in the city and the entire US. Fight Poverty, Fight Illiteracy in Mississippi Initiative is an organization that is concerned about this category of population. The organization is a non-governmental organization that was established to create awareness through advocacy campaigns to educate Mississippi people living in abject poverty and any other pathetic conditions. Children in Mississippi live with no hopes of seeing tomorrow. They live as if they are in their own world though this is not the case. The US government is aware of these people. However, it has no plans to improve their status. There is lack of planning and policies with the formulated ones not caring about the welfare of these people. After a survey carried out in the regions hardly hit by poverty in the US, Mississippi was selected for the advocacy campaign. The advocacy campaign is dubbed, â€Å"Fight Poverty, Fight Illiteracy.† It is aimed at compelling the US government to adopt policies and plans that are intended to save the extremely poor Mississippi people. The states in which these people live are not appealing. The region was selected because of its high rate of poverty despite having good natural resources to enable it improve the livelihood of its people. Because Fight Poverty, Fight Illiteracy in Mississippi Initiative is not profit-oriented, it does not have funds to carry out the program. Funds to facilitate the campaign are in the form of grants from the International Fund.Advertising Looking for proposal on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The organization’s positive results in other areas like New Jersey have demonstrated the benefits of advocacy campaigns. The campaign is expected to take duration of five years after which it is expected that the rate and prevalence of poverty in Mississippi would have reduced to minimal levels because amicable plans and policies would have been instituted to trigger change. The expected outcome after the campaign is to reduce the number of poor people in Mississippi besides heightening literacy levels in the region and the US at large. The rate of deaths from preventable diseases is expected to reduce with the number of children attending schools being expected to rise. This will be determined through evaluations that wil l be conducted after six months for the five years. Organization Information Fight Illiteracy in Mississippi Initiative Mission and Goals Fight Poverty, Fight Illiteracy in Mississippi Initiative is a group of people around the US who are involved in advocacy campaigns aimed at holding the US’ leaders accountable for their policies and commitments. The organization’s mission statement is to heighten literacy levels by fighting extreme poverty and preventable diseases in the US. This mission statement clearly defines the goals of the organization in ensuring that the US government is held accountable besides being motivated to be committed in the fight against extreme poverty and the need for quality education for all. Therefore, the campaign requires the US’ leaders to adopt effective policies to implement in a bid to change the situation in the Mississippi. Background and History Fight Poverty, Fight Illiteracy in Mississippi Initiative is an international advo cacy group working in various states in America. It targets poor or developing cities where the rate of poverty and preventable diseases is high with low educational standards of the young people. The initiative believes that these problems are preventable if only the US government implements its policies on the same. Therefore, the organization raises public awareness, as well as pressuring political leaders to come up with smart and effective policies and programs that can help save many children and people’s lives who die due to lack of enough food and or of preventive diseases. It campaigns for equal chances of securing jobs by providing quality and reliable education to all despite the differences in household backgrounds. The organization collaborates with like-minded organizations across the world at the grassroots level to press the government to implement affable policies that can solve these problems that affect the lives of many children. Currently, its membership is around three million.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Grant Proposal/Application Topic: Fight Poverty, Fight Illiteracy in Mississippi specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To become a member, there is nothing that the member is charged. What is required is a commitment of the members to voice the concerns of the population to the US government to take actions that are aimed at ensuring that policies are put in place to ensure that lives are sustained. The large turnout of people to trigger the US government’s actions clearly demonstrates that the organization is influencing many people’s lives across the world. Therefore, Fight Poverty, Fight Illiteracy in Mississippi Initiative is a force to trigger change in the US. Location The organization’s head office is in the United States 1400 Eye Street, Suite 600, Washington, DC 2005. Population Served The organization serves the general population across the US. It targets poor people and those who cannot access quality education in Mississippi. The organization works with activists and people who are concerned with the status of the poor in the society. It reaches the US’ leaders through advocacy campaigns to compel them to come up with working policies. Current Programs Currently, the organization has rolled out its campaigns in different states around the US to reach leaders. Recent Accomplishments The organization has been recognized as one of the forces behind improved leadership in most of the states in the US. It has teamed up with other like-minded local organizations besides helping to trigger positive change in the leadership of states like New Jersey whose rate of poverty has reduced to significant levels besides improving accessibility of medical services. Staff For any organization to grow and achieve its objectives, human resources are essential. The management board, which comprises finance advisor, comm unication manager, media officer, program manager, and monitoring and evaluation specialist, controls the organization, which provides leadership on the programs and strategies to use in ensuring that a positive change is attained in the cities faced with high rates of poverty like Mississippi.Advertising Looking for proposal on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The members are the staff that is used to voice the concerns of the poor to the authorities. Therefore, membership is voluntary. It draws people who are in accord and who are concerned with the plight and status of the poor in the Mississippi. Problem Statement Poverty is one of the problems that many states in America are grappling with now and then. Mississippi is one of the poorest states in America. There are various reasons that best explain why the prevalence of poverty is higher here compared to other states. One of them is the lack of fundamental principles to eradicate poverty. The region has poor policies that can assist it from breaking through this yoke of poverty and poor education. Secondly, the leadership is corrupt: it is mindful of its self-interest instead of addressing the challenges faced by the state. Other reasons include poor accessibility to education because of low social-economic status of most of the parents, especially single mothers. Bad weather, unfavor able climate, and other reasons also cause poverty. For instance, â€Å"Mississippi and New Mexico had the highest poverty rates with more than one out of every five people in each state living in poverty† (Associated Press, 2011, Para. 1). It implies that, if inadequate measures are not adopted to reverse the trend, these people are geared to experience hunger. Many of them will not be able to buy food because of the limited amount of money they have. This is an alarming finding, which should be looked into to establish why there is a high rate of poverty in Mississippi. Among the causes are poor institutional and the colonial system policies that were imposed to the people. Even though structural changes have been instituted to reverse the situation, large numbers of people here are still languishing in poverty. They lack education. The educated ones cannot get employment because of poor institutional policies. In this region, most investment plans and government policies t end to favor the rich leaving out the poor who mostly live in the in slum-like houses. Furthermore, other social challenges such as HIV/AIDs have continued to affect most people living in this region. Many of them are highly affected and infected by the HIV/AIDs. This has further added burden to the poor people in the region. They cannot access good medication due to lack of money. Research indicates, â€Å"In 2011, Mississippi reported 5816 cases of gonorrhea† (Fact Sheet, 2011, Para. 2: Kaiser, 2009, Para. 2). The finding reveals the high prevalent cases of HIV/AIDs to the poor. The society is faced with acute problems that hinder it from living a decent life. Due to these social challenges, it becomes difficult for such people to take their children to schools. Most extremely poor people struggle to get food. They do not have enough money to take care of their children. Therefore, children are denied an opportunity to go to school. This further worsens the situation as the rate of poor people continues to expand. Poor planning and poor policies cause most of the challenges. Government leaders and other leaders have the potential to eradicate poverty to ensure that society is able to access fundamental amenities without strain. These problems limit the potential of a state to attain its economic achievements. Therefore, this is the reason why this advocacy is important since it will enable the US’ leaders to come up with the best strategies to tackle the problems relating to poverty in Mississippi since they threaten to explode in the near future if urgent measures are not taken. Literature Review Poverty is one of the social problems and challenges that wrestle many developing countries. Millions of people are lingering in abject poverty. Statistics on the number of people in extreme poverty is disturbing. For instance, according to Hansen (2012), â€Å"poor people in Mississippi still have health problems, even if they have Medicaid or healt h insurance, even if there are clinics in their communities, even if they get home health services. They do not get better, and the diseases born of poverty and obesity are not prevented; thousands of people frequent emergency rooms for illnesses that could have been tackled by primary care† (Para. 2). According to the World Bank, poverty is equivalent to hunger. It is characterized by the absence of shelter, lack of access to medical attention, schools, and jobs. The list is endless. Therefore, poverty is all about the negatives and those factors that hinder individuals from living happily. Poverty is also equated to lack of freedom and being powerlessness. Therefore, this implies that people faced with abject poverty can be treated in any manner. Those in power can abuse them especially during election periods. The powerful people capitalize on these weaknesses to garner support. Hopeful citizens vote for such leaders in office who forget about their needs after being electe d. After their terms elapse, the cycle recurs. This trend has contributed greatly to increased number of people remaining poor. In fact, leaders would always wish that such slums and poor people continue to increase to enable them achieve their ambitions. To know the appropriate ways of eradicating poverty, what can work and or what cannot, and what changes over time, it is imperative to measure poverty besides defining and studying it in details. This will help to find answers and amicable solutions that can help in alleviating the prevalence of poverty. According to the World Bank, the most common and the best measure of poverty is the level of income. A person is considered poor if the level of income falls under the threshold set by a government. Minimum level of income is called poverty levels. Different countries have set their poverty levels depending on factors such as time, place, level of development, societal norms, and values among other factors. For instance, in Britain , the government has three levels under which it uses to define poverty. These include relative poverty, absolute poverty, and social exclusion. Absolute poverty is the situation where an individual lacks resources for his/her own upkeep. According to the US Census Bureau (2012), â€Å"Relative poverty is defined in terms of the average income or resources that an individual has where all people under this category cannot fully participate in the day-to-day activities due to the absence of material needs† (Para. 3). On the other hand, social exclusion is a new term that explains the consequences that are likely to happen in situations where there is no access to employment or where people have low incomes, poor skills, high crime environments, poor housing, family breakdown, and bad health. Mississippi is the hardest hit by extreme cases of poverty (p. 692). The number of poor people grew from 217 million in 1987 to more than 300 million in the year 1998 (US Census Bureau, 20 12, Para. 4: Magubane, 2008, p.692), which is a high percentage of increase in poverty. Drawing from this finding, one gets a clear picture of the pathetic state of children in Mississippi. It is terrifying to see children cry of hunger, die of diseases, or lack parental care due to causes that are beyond their control. Living has become hard for them as they are not given an opportunity to go to school. It is not the wish of parents, but the lack of resources to take them to school. Children become breadwinners at a tender age. Many children in Mississippi also die from preventable diseases. Furthermore, many children in the region are underweight due to poor nutrition. They also suffer from diseases such as measles. According to the United States Department of Agriculture, â€Å"A child in Mississippi is born in poverty after every 46 minutes†¦ is abused or neglected every 2 hours†¦dies before his/her first birthday every 20 hours† (2007, Para. 1). These findings make it clear that poverty is such a killer condition. Once it strikes, it deprives parents of their attention to children since they cannot get any means (funds) to offer food, good shelter, or even health to their helpless children. Abandoning them (the children) remains their only option and hence the many early death cases in Mississippi. These are settlements where the level of income is limited hence hindering people from accessing fundamental basic needs. Most people in informal settlements in Mississippi are employed as manual laborers. Therefore, their salary cannot sustain them. Therefore, they prefer living in such environments to meet their most important needs such as food, clothing, and shelter. It is not the wish of an individual to live in such environments. Rather, the situation forces this to be the only solution. The US government has a role of ensuring that it provides better policies that can enable people to look for opportunities to lead a positive life. Poor leadership in this state has contributed to most of the extreme poverty cases. Leaders whom people elect are not focused. They lack vision. They only seek to amass wealth to satisfy their self-interests. It astonishes that, at some point in the1960s, states that are performing well in their economy were once at the same level with Mississippi. However, decades have passed with no solid developments in Mississippi, which is a good illustration of how ignorant the US government has been. Furthermore, leaders, not only in the US, are hungry for power. This has contributed to negative effects as wars have erupted causing losses of many lives and property destruction. This case has worsened the situation besides contributing to the collapse of the economy. Therefore, for the US to reduce poverty in Mississippi and other affected regions, there is a lot of work it needs to do to be successful. Otherwise, the situation may come out of hand. Therefore, to ease this work by the government, t he program will partner with organizations whose aims and objectives match its goal of curbing poverty in Mississippi. These partners are proficient when it comes to handling the issue at hand because they have been doing it for long in many other areas. For instance, the program will partner with ‘The action Aid’, which is an international non-governmental organization that is well placed to know the issues and changes that children from a poor background go through. It aims at ensuring that children are taken good care of and are taken to school to pursue their academics to achieve their goals. This organization sponsors children from poor backgrounds. Therefore, information from this organization will be of great assistance in enabling the staffs and members of the organization to be abreast with facts about the prevalence on rate of poverty. Therefore, in this Fight Poverty, Fight Illiteracy in Mississippi Initiative campaign, ‘The Action Aid’ will come in handy in ensuring that the program succeeds. ‘Wake up Youths’ is yet another group that the organization will collaborate with to ensure that it achieves its objectives and goals. It consists of like-minded youths in the slum areas. The focus of the group is to stimulate economic growth among youths in the areas. These youths have been raised up in these slums. Therefore, they understand the challenges that people in slums go through as they try to make ends meet. Therefore, they understand the difficulties of slum dwellers. This knowledge will be of great importance to the advocacy initiative. The group will be used to present its policies and demands to the leaders for a remedial action. Therefore, it will participate besides presenting itself to the US’ leaders to explain its problems and need to compel the government to take appropriate actions to ensure that people in the poverty-hit Mississippi are also assisted by the government to enable them become s elf-sustainable. The Activists Group in the US is also very essential in the campaign initiative. Activists are very vocal as they aspire to ensure that human rights and freedom of the people are respected. The constitution of the US is clear on the government’s initiative to ensure that nobody suffers from poverty, dies of preventable diseases, or fails to go to school. Therefore, this group comes up with programs that are aimed at empowering such vulnerable population to engage in an economic venture to enable Mississippi people sustain their families, as well as themselves. This organization is also ensuring that adequate measures are put in place to fight with preventable disease such as malaria and typhoid in Mississippi. To do this, it educates the members of the communities and poor families on the need to ensure cleanliness every time. These awareness programs will help Mississippi people to change their behaviors in terms of ensuring high levels of hygiene in every t hing they do. Therefore, this organization is a very important partner because it will help in providing evidence and statistics on the level of poverty and the rate at which people from these areas succumb to death due to the failure to access good medical care. Therefore, the activists together with employees will compel the US government to formulate policies that are aimed at promoting good governance by voicing these issues. The issues that Mississippi faces at the grassroots levels will be voiced to the concerned leaders for an immediate solution to be instituted to remedy the solutions. Program Objectives and Expected Outcomes Fight Poverty, Fight Illiteracy in Mississippi Initiative is purposed to reach the US leaders with a goal of stressing the need for accountability for the lives that are lost in regions such as Mississippi because of ignorance from leaders. The increasing rates of deaths due to poverty and preventable diseases should be brought to an end. It is astonish ing how these countries have enough resources at their disposal. Yet, they fail to utilize them to their advantage. Poor policies and lack of appropriate machinery to implement policies are the key contributors of the problems facing poor people in Mississippi. The objectives of the program include: To reach the US government through advocacy campaigns to petition for adoption of good policies that will uplift the lives of poor people in Mississippi To ensure that policies are implemented to ensure that children from poor families are educated and trained in Mississippi To ensure that all target groups in Mississippi (women, children, and young people) are empowered and are able to access good medical care To ensure that the US leaders who fail to address issues pertaining to poverty alleviation are pressurized to do so This very intensive campaign is expected to bring changes to the lives of people in Mississippi. Many people in Mississippi are living below the poverty line. They cannot access good medical services and food. Despite the fact that Mississippi has fertile arable land, people here continue to depend on sponsors and donations. This trend has made most of them lose hope in the US government. This constitutes one of the things that this program seeks to end. The US leaders will be required to be proactive working hard to uplift the lives of the suffering Mississippi people. Adequate resources available in this region will be put to full utilization to improve farming and productivity. Furthermore, this campaign will ensure that the number of children enrolling to schools increases. In the current world, education is the pillar and foundation of a nation. Countries that do not invest in education are planning to fail because illiterate people cannot manage them. Therefore, the advocacy campaign will also focus on this important issue to ensure that fundamental plans are put in place to ensure that children in Mississippi access good schools and ed ucation. Most poor parents cannot get good medical attentions. This affects their growth and life in the future. Preventive diseases are another area that many people in Mississippi face. Many people die from these preventable diseases such as malaria and typhoid among others due to poverty and lack of money to seek good medical treatment. Therefore, his campaign seeks to solve the issue. If the US leaders can only get their calculations right, there is nothing that can hinder them from achieving and realizing their dreams of a poverty-free Mississippi. This is expected to trigger positive change in the general lives of people in Mississippi. Program Design and Methodology The program is expected to take duration of five years, which is enough time to ensure that prominent US leaders meet with the advocacy groups to negotiate on various issues that pertain to the challenges that Mississippi people face in a bid to provide affable solutions. In the design, officers will carry out a s urvey to determine the US regions that are highly affected by high rates of preventive deaths, poverty, and high school dropouts. In the initial stage, the survey will be carried out in all the American states to choose the regions that have higher rates of people living in extreme poverty. Even though most of them may be facing these problems, the rate of prevalence may not be similar. Furthermore, this survey will factor in various issues, which may include the forms of government, the availability of resources, and fundamental infrastructure to drive the economy forward. In the survey, government data and statistics on population and the rate of poverty will be analyzed, reviewed, and compared with other regions. Furthermore, research will be carried out since data will be collected from various locations including areas such as slums, as well as from those middle class populations. These reviews will be of great importance as views of the population concerning their plights will be analyzed and incorporated in the campaign strategy. After the survey, the US state that will have very high rates of poverty prevalence will be given priority. The team will have to make a decision whether to roll out the campaign in all the hardly-hit states or in the one that has high rates of poverty. This decision will also be arrived at by considering the availability of resources and the number of members in the states to make it a reality. Due to limitation in the resources at the disposal, the only region that will be given attention is the one with high prevalence rates of poverty. Therefore, the campaign will be done in Mississippi region only. After identification of the focus region, machinery will be put in place to kick-start the campaigns. The timetable will be clearly set with the course of actions that will require to be followed to ensure that the program achieves the best results. The personnel in charge of the various locations within the selected region will be trained on various aspects to enable them perform better to produce excellent results. Program Staff Human capital is one of the fundamental components in ensuring that a program succeeds or fails. The program members will run it in the relevant countries. A team leader will be recruited to ensure that all the programs and activities in the respective countries are going on well. The team leaders will be the ones to compile reports and submit them to the head office to evaluate on the milestone made. The other members will be trained on public relations skills to acquaint them with how they need to interact with their leaders. The training will be done through the internet. Members will be directed to websites where they will be given the login details- password and username to gain entry to the learning resources. This is aimed at reducing the costs of carrying out training besides saving on time since the members are literate. Those who have the skills will direct the few that may not be having knowledge in computer. The members will work or roll out their campaigns from the grassroots levels whereby they will engage with the leaders of various institutions to help them with ideas on how they can resolve problems that they face. The campaigns will be rolled out to the national levels bringing into perspective national leaders who, in most states, are the ones who provide decisions on which projects to initiate. These staff members will volunteer their services. Therefore, they will not be entitled to salary but rather a small token to motivate them to continue with the initiative. Few other employees will also be recruited to ensure that the program is well rolled out to achieve its objectives. They will be entitled to salary. They will sign a contract with the organization to ensure that they achieve their objectives. Those who will not manage to satisfy or adhere to the terms of the contracts will not be tolerated. They will be summoned for the first t ime. However, in the second sermon, their contract will be terminated. The organization expects that the employees will be people of high skills and knowledge in matters of relations and advocacy to ensure that they engage in the exercise in a professional manner. The results should be evident at the end of the five years. They should have shown that indeed they have performed and influenced the leaders to change their policies to adopt others that can stimulate investments to uplift the poor Mississippi people besides ensuring that children from poverty-stricken areas like Mississippi attend schools and or access good medical treatment. Program Partnerships To ensure that the project succeeds, Fight Poverty, Fight Illiteracy in Mississippi Initiative will enter partnership with various organizations that operate in America as briefly hinted above. The organizations that Fight Poverty, Fight Illiteracy in Mississippi Initiative will partner with include the Action Aid, Wake up Youth s, Poverty eradication in America, and the Activists Groups. The reasons for this partnership are to ensure that Fight Poverty, Fight Illiteracy in Mississippi Initiative reaches many US leaders and people to influence them to adapt appropriate strategies. Furthermore, these partners are formed to perform duties that relate to what the group would like to offer. They are like-minded groups that agitate for the rights of the people. Further, they are concerned with the welfare of the poor people in the society. Therefore, they understand the problems that people in poor regions go through better. They are better placed to provide good recommendation on the best policies that can help improve the living standards of people in these Mississippi states besides making them access schools and medical services. These partners will be notified through an official letter from the organization. The letter would request them to collaborate with the organization in ensuring that they bring to t he attention the poverty situations in Mississippi and the best ways to formulate policies that can alleviate such problems better. In the letter, they will be informed on various duties that the organization does, the theme of the advocacy campaign, and the concealment date among other important information of why the program is important in ensuring that the lives of the people are uplifted. Program Timeline Fight Poverty, Fight Illiteracy in Mississippi Initiative is scheduled to take five years. The program is scheduled to kick-start when the notice of a grant award is served. It is expected to end with the first evaluation of the program. Upon notice of grant award, the chief executive officer of the company will communicate to his fellow board members to inform them of the release of the money. The organization will write to the International Funds to acknowledge and send appreciation for the grant. This letter will acknowledge the receipt of funds by the organization’s accounts. Members will come together in round-the-table talks to arrange and budget for the funds. Duties will be assigned to managers to execute the tasks. Furthermore, all the program partners will receive calls and updates on arrangements such as the date when the program commences and other relevant details. Furthermore, a meeting will be scheduled to assist in coordination of activities of different organizations. Public announcement and media release of the program will be prepared and disseminated in various organizations. In the first to the third month, the initial stages of program implementation will take place. During this period, the training of members and other employees will take place. The members will be assigned their areas of jurisdiction and the rules that they will work with. After the campaign is rolled out, the evaluation will take place after six months to determine the milestones that would have been made for the few months. Team leaders will have to file their reports on the achievements they have made so far. These evaluations will be done after every five years. The last evaluation will be done in the fifth year to ascertain the milestone that will have been made. The program will come into conclusion after some noticeable achievements made. Plans will be taken on how the project will be sustained for the coming years. Program Monitoring Process and Evaluation Plan For the program to fair on smoothly, monitoring and evaluation are imperative. Monitoring and evaluation specialists will scrutinize and assess the program on a daily basis on its outcomes. A supervisor will be assigned the role of ensuring that the program performs as expected. The supervisor will work in all the sub-regions of Mississippi. He or she will have to transverse across the regions to find out the performance of the project. Evaluation is a process of checking and assessing an action plan after some time to determine whether the program is fairing on as requ ired. It is also aimed at determining the area that needs urgent correction to institute urgent measures. Evaluation is also important in a project because it allows improvement of the service provided in the program. In this case, the managers will carry out evaluations after every six months. The evaluations will be aimed at checking whether the company is making positive progress or not. In the first six months after the program is rolled out, a survey will be carried out to determine the magnitude the program has affected the US prominent leaders. A sample of leaders, as well as campaign lobbyists, will be given questionnaires while others will be interviewed to find out how they find the program in the six months. This information is important in this process of project implementation because it will help the organization to come up with viable strategies to change the effects of the current situations. Furthermore, evaluation will also measure other central objectives related to the program such as any positive intervention and decrease in cost of life among many others. For instance, when the number of children who are not sent away from school to collect school fees does not increase, it will demonstrate that the government has not done enough measures to control poverty prevalence. However, because this is a very short period, the number is expected to be low. This evaluation will also enable the organization- Fight Poverty, Fight Illiteracy in Mississippi Initiative to continue strengthening its relationships with other groups to help it achieve its missions. This relationship will enable the target audience to provide information without fear. It will also participate in various important issues concerning the elimination of poverty in the poverty-stricken areas. Organizational Capacity The organization is well prepared to ensure that this campaign becomes successful. The company’s online training program is aimed at equipping the members and workers with relevant skills on how they should conduct the campaign. The training is high-class intending to prepare members by equipping them with skills to allow them perform their tasks with ease. The venture is not that easy since it requires frequent meetings with members of the public. Therefore, public relation and etiquette skills are paramount to ensure that this becomes a success. This training is provided by the organization itself. Furthermore, the partners the organization has incorporated are very important in ensuring that this process becomes a success. These partners have enough relevant information and expertise that the organization will adopt to ensure that the program succeeds. For instance, Action Aid as highlighted earlier has been serving different countries for a long period. Therefore, many people are familiar with the organization. This will help boost our image towards the public. There are various success stories that are associated with the organizati on. The organization is attributed to have successfully carried out advocacy campaigns in different countries in its neighborhood. Therefore, this is a reason enough to demonstrate the capacity of the organization to carry out successful campaign strategies. Many children did not attend schools. Many died of preventive diseases. However, when the program was rolled out, it helped many people to change their ways of life by uplifting and even liberating them from the menace of poverty. The government began to adopt and implement policies that ensured that the poor and the vulnerable are reached with measures put in place to improve their lives. The success that was made from this program was worth. Still, the government is committed to ensuring that its population can access essential services and amenities. Program Sustainability Program sustainability is an important aspect to ensure that the project is able to add value to society. However, this requires that appropriate considera tions be adhered to sustain the program. Even as its timeline concludes, the program is expected to remain in the operation to enable the members of the society to continue demanding their rights if no actions would not have been taken at the time of its conclusion. The activists groups in the regions will be required to continue with the efforts of pressing the government to provide good services to its people. An agreement will be sealed between the two to ensure that this is not breached by setting a sub branch of the organization in every sub-region, which will work under the umbrella of the activist movement. This unit’s mandate will be to ensure that the campaign is alive. The government will be compelled to provide these services to its members without relenting. The important thing is to ensure that, in all programs and policies, government policies are in tandem with the objective of eradicating poverty besides ensuring that all Mississippi people in extreme poverty are attended well. The mouthpiece of the group will be the activists who will continue demanding the support of the extremely poor from the government. They will also be voicing the demands and other needs of the people. Furthermore, the organization will develop a strategic plan that will be implemented and administered by the units that will be left in the sub-regions of Mississippi to ensure that cases of extreme poverty are eradicated. In the strategic plan, members will be in the sub-regions to ensure that the US implements policies appropriately to meet any challenges that may result in the course of the advocacy campaigns. In addition, to be sustainable, there is the need for the provision of financial aids to ensure that the activities of the organization go on smoothly. The people carrying out this agenda require funds for their own sustainability as well as the sustainability of the program. A budget plan will be drafted to cover for some years that the organization will o perate in Mississippi. Fight Poverty, Fight Illiteracy in Mississippi Initiative is a non-profit organization whose grants will be apportioned to cover the financial expenses that will come after the duration expires. Those organizations or individuals who may have the same vision may also donate funds for the organization to help it in furthering its objectives and goals. These funds will be channeled in a special account aimed at sustaining the program. The funds will only be used for the purposes of sustaining the program. No person will be entitled to withdraw money from the account without the authority of the management. Program Budget A specialist group in budget drafting will be required to come up with a budget that will cover all the expenses that the organization will incur in its operations in the five Mississippi sub-regions. Because most of the members of the organization are substantial, and thus not entitled to salary, this will play a great deal in helping the organ ization save on its expenditures. They will only be given a small token as an appreciation and encouragement for them to work hard to ensure that these changes are effected in the organization. The trainers, team managers, and supervisor will require salaries to enable them execute their duties. This will be included in the budget. Furthermore, expenses to be incurred in traveling will be factored in the budget to ensure that the activities of the organization run smoothly. The management will come together to debate on the required budget. The whole budget for ensuring that the campaign runs on smoothly until the end is expected to cost 1177700 US dollars. The funds will be used appropriately to ensure that the campaign succeeds. The amount of money that will be channeled to each of the five sub-regions of Mississippi will be 235540USD. This budget is divided into equal measures because populations affected by abject poverty are equal. The detailed budget is as below Activity Bu dget Total Securing work stations in 5 sub-regions in Mississippi 8000*5USD 40000USD Purchasing of working instruments (Vehicles and Computers) 120000USD 120000USD Paying rent for each for 5 years 1500*5*5USD 37500USD Baseline Evaluation of the program 552000USD 552000USD End line Evaluation of the program 552000USD 552000USD Training 8000USD 8000USD Salary for 5 years 225000USD 225000USD Working station support for continued campaign after the 5thyear 60000USD 60000USD Miscellaneous 80000USD 80000USD Total 1177700USD Reference List Associated Press. (2011). Nearly one in four People in Mississippi living below Poverty  line as Rates Rise in Almost every state. Retrieved from dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2051700/Nearly-people-Mississippi-poverty-rates-rise-EVERY-state.html Fact Sheet. (2011). Sexually Transmitted Diseases Fact Sheet 2011 Mississippi. Retrieved from http://msdh.ms.gov/msdhsite/_static/resources/4695.pdf Hansen, S. (2012). What Can Mississipp i Learn from Iran? Retrieved from  www.nytimes.com/2012/07/29/magazine/what-can-mississippis-health-care-system-learn-from-iran.html?pagewanted=all Kaiser, H. (2009). Mississippi has eighth Highest HIV Rate among Young Adults in  Nation. Retrieved from medicalnewstoday.com/releases/158394.php Magubane, Z. (2008). The American Construction of the Poor White Problem.  South Atlantic Quarterly, 107(4), 691-713. United States Department of Agriculture. (2007). Poverty in Mississippi. Retrieved from usm.edu/poverty/temp_parts/Mahlet/poverty_in_mississippi.html US Census Bureau. (2012). Mississippi Has Highest Poverty and Lowest Income. Retrieved from http://money.cnn.com/2012/09/20/news/economy/income-states-poverty/index.html Appendix I Poverty-Free Mississippi Certification Preference will be given to any initiative/organization/business that has poverty-fighting programs. In accordance with section 25(2)(a) of Mississippi statutes, any two or more competitive appeals made to the state for procurement of goods or contractual services can be strongly attractive in terms of cost, value, and services. Therefore, any application received from a business/initiative that manifests that it has implemented any poverty-free plan successfully shall be chosen as the most preferred for the award of carrying out the task. However, to have a poverty-free Mississippi initiative, an organization shall: Engage all the US media platforms (TVs, Radios, and Print) for a three-week awareness campaign on the need for the US government to save the poverty-stricken Mississippi people Inform the US government on the need to have all illiterate children in Mississippi taken to schools free of charge to improve literacy levels of Mississippi state Impose a stern fine to any parent denying his/her child(ren) the free education specified in II Make a tireless effort, assisted by the US government, to uplift the standards of Mississippi state by establishing appropriate laws and regula tions that will help make the Mississippi dream a reality Appendix II Fight Poverty, Fight Illiteracy in Mississippi Initiative Chart

Study Guide for Albert Camuss The Fall

Study Guide for Albert Camus's The Fall Delivered by a sophisticated, outgoing, yet often suspicious narrator, Albert Camus’s The Fall employs a format that is rather uncommon in world literature. Like novels such as Dostoevsky’s Notes from Underground, Sartre’s Nausea, and Camus’s own The Stranger, The Fall is set up as a confession by a complicated main character- in this case, an exiled French lawyer named Jean-Baptiste Clamence. But The Fall- unlike these famous first-person writings- is actually a second-person novel. Clamence directs his confession at a single, well-defined listener, a â€Å"you† character who accompanies him (without ever speaking) for the duration of the novel. In the opening pages of The Fall, Clamence makes this listener’s acquaintance in a seedy Amsterdam bar known as Mexico City, which entertains â€Å"sailors of all nationalities† (4). Summary In the course of this initial meeting, Clamence playfully notes the similarities between him and his new companion: â€Å"You are my age in a way, with the sophisticated eye of a man in his forties who has seen everything, in a way; you are well dressed in a way, that is as people are in our country; and your hands are smooth. Hence a bourgeois, in a way! But a cultured bourgeois!† (8-9). However, there is much about Clamence’s identity that remains uncertain. He describes himself as â€Å"a judge-penitent,† yet doesn’t provide an immediate explanation of this uncommon role. And he omits key facts from his descriptions of the past: â€Å"A few years ago I was a lawyer in Paris and, indeed, a rather well-known lawyer. Of course, I didn’t tell you my real name† (17). As a lawyer, Clamence had defended poor clients with difficult cases, including criminals. His social life had been full of satisfactions- respect from his colleagues, affairs with many women- and his public behavior had been scrupulously courteous and polite. As Clamence sums up this earlier period: â€Å"Life, its creatures and its gifts, offered themselves to me, and I accepted such marks of homage with a kindly pride† (23). Eventually, this state of security began to break down, and Clamence traces his increasingly dark state of mind to a few specific life events. While in Paris, Clamence had an argument with â€Å"a spare little man wearing spectacles† and riding a motorcycle (51). This altercation with the motorcyclist alerted Clamence to the violent side of his own nature, while another experience- an encounter with a â€Å"slim young woman dressed in black† who committed suicide by throwing herself off a bridge- filled Clamence with a sense of â€Å"irresistible weakness (69-70). During an excursion to the Zuider Zee, Clamence describes the more advanced stages of his â€Å"fall.† At first, he began to feel intense turmoil and pangs of disgust with life, although â€Å"for some time, my life continued outwardly as if nothing had changed† (89). He then took turned to â€Å"alcohol and women† for comfort- yet only found temporary solace (103). Clamence expands upon his philosophy of life in the final chapter, which takes place in his own lodgings. Clamence recounts his disturbing experiences as a World War II prisoner of war, lists his objections to commonplace notions of law and freedom, and reveals the depth of his involvement in the Amsterdam underworld. (It turns out that Clamence keeps a famous stolen painting- The Just Judges by Jan van Eyck- in his apartment.) Clamence has resolved to accept life- and to accept his own fallen, immensely flawed nature- but has also resolved to share his troubling insights with anyone who will listen. In the final pages of The Fall, he reveals that his new profession of â€Å"judge-penitent† involves â€Å"indulging in public confession as often as possible† in order to acknowledge, judge, and do penance for his failings (139). Background and Contexts Camus’s Philosophy of Action: One of Camus’s greatest philosophical concerns is the possibility that life is meaningless- and the need (in spite of this possibility) for action and self-assertion. As Camus wrote in his tract The Myth of Sisyphus (1942), philosophical discourse â€Å"was previously a question of finding out whether or not life had to have a meaning to be lived. It now becomes clear on the contrary that it will be lived all the better if it has no meaning. Living an experience, a particular fate, is accepting it fully.† Camus then goes on to declare that â€Å"one of the only coherent philosophical positions is thus revolt. It is constant confrontation between man and his own obscurity.† Even though the Myth of Sisyphus is a classic of French Existentialist philosophy and a central text for understanding Camus, The Fall (which, after all, appeared in 1956) should not merely be taken as a fictional re-working of The Myth of Sisyphus. Clamence does revolt against his life as a Paris lawyer; however, he retreats from society and tries to find specific â€Å"meanings† in his actions in a manner that Camus might not have endorsed. Camus’s Background in Drama: According to literary critic Christine Margerrison, Clamence is a â€Å"self-proclaimed actor† and The Fall itself is Camus’s â€Å"greatest dramatic monologue.† At several points in his career, Camus worked simultaneously as a playwright and a novelist. (His plays Caligula and The Misunderstanding appeared in the mid 1940s- the same period that saw the publication of Camus’s novels The Stranger and The Plague. And in the 1950s, Camus both wrote The Fall and worked on theater adaptations of novels by Dostoevsky and William Faulkner.) However, Camus was not the only mid-century author who applied his talents to both theater and the novel. Camus’s Existentialist colleague Jean-Paul Sartre, for instance, is famous for his novel Nausea and for his plays The Flies and No Exit. Another of the greats of 20th century experimental literature- Irish author Samuel Beckett- created novels that read a little like â€Å"dramat ic monologues† (Molloy, Malone Dies, The Unnamable) as well as oddly-structured, character-driven plays (Waiting for Godot, Krapp’s Last Tape). Amsterdam, Travel, and Exile: Although Amsterdam is one of Europe’s centers of art and culture, the city takes on a rather sinister character in The Fall. Camus scholar David R. Ellison has found several references to disturbing episodes in Amsterdam’s history: first, The Fall reminds us that â€Å"the commerce linking Holland to the Indies included trade not just in spices, foodstuffs, and aromatic wood, but also in slaves; and second, the novel takes place after â€Å"the years of World War II in which the Jewish population of the city (and of the Netherlands as a whole) was subject to persecution, deportation, and ultimate death in Nazi prison camps.† Amsterdam has a dark history, and exile to Amsterdam allows Clamence to face his own unpleasant past. Camus declared in his essay â€Å"The Love of Life† that â€Å"what gives value to travel is fear. It breaks down a kind of inner dà ©cor in us. We can’t cheat any more- hide ourselves away behin d the hours in the office or at the plant.† By going into living abroad and breaking his earlier, soothing routines, Clamence is forced to contemplate his deeds and face his fears. Key Topics Violence and Imagination: Although there is not much open conflict or violent action directly displayed in The Fall, Clamence’s memories, imaginings, and turns of imagery add violence and viciousness to the novel. After an unpleasant scene during a traffic jam, for instance, Clamence imagines pursuing a rude motorcyclist, â€Å"overtaking him, jamming his machine against the curb, taking him aside, and giving him the licking he had fully deserved. With a few variations, I ran off this little film a hundred times in my imagination. But it was too late, and for several days I chewed a bitter resentment† (54). Violent and disturbing fantasies help Clamence to communicate his dissatisfaction with the life he leads. Late in the novel, he compares his feelings of hopeless and perpetual guilt to a special kind of torture: â€Å"I had to submit and admit my guilt. I had to live in the little-ease. To be sure, you are not familiar with that dungeon cell that was called the litt le-ease in the Middle Ages. In general, one was forgotten there for life. That cell was distinguished from others by ingenious dimensions. It was not high enough to stand up in nor yet wide enough to lie down in. One had to take an awkward manner and live on the diagonal† (109). Clamence’s Approach to Religion: Clamence does not define himself as a religious man. However, references to God and Christianity play a major part in Clamence’s manner of speaking- and help Clamence to explain his changes in attitude and outlook. During his years of virtue and altruism, Clamence took Christian kindliness to grotesque proportions: â€Å"A very Christian friend of mine admitted that one’s initial feeling on seeing a beggar approach one’s house is unpleasant. Well, with me it was worse: I used to exult† (21). Eventually, Clamence finds yet another use for religion that is admittedly awkward and inappropriate. During his fall, the lawyer made references â€Å"to God in my speeches before the court†- a tactic that â€Å"awakened mistrust in my clients† (107). But Clamence also uses the Bible to explain his insights about human guilt and suffering. For him, Sin is part of the human condition, and even Christ on the cross is a figure of guilt: â€Å"He knew he was not altogether innocent. If he did not bear the weight of the crime he was accused of, he had committed others- even though he didn’t know which ones† (112). Clamence’s Unreliability: At several points in The Fall, Clamence acknowledges that his words, actions, and apparent identity are of questionable validity. Camus’s narrator is very good at playing different, even dishonest roles. Describing his experiences with women, Clamence notes that â€Å"I played the game. I knew they didn’t like one to reveal one’s purpose too quickly. First, there had to be conversation, fond attentions, as they say. I wasn’t worried about speeches, being a lawyer, nor about glances, having been an amateur actor during my military service. I often changed parts, but it was always the same play† (60). And later in the novel, he asks a series of rhetorical questions- â€Å"Don’t lies eventually lead to the truth? And don’t all my stories, true or false, tend toward the same conclusion?†- before concluding that â€Å"authors of confessions write especially to avoid confessing, to tell nothing of wha t they know† (119-120). It would be wrong to assume that Clamence has given his listener nothing but lies and fabrications. Yet it is possible that he is freely mixing lies and truth to create a convincing â€Å"act†- that he strategically using a persona to obscure particular facts and feelings. A Few Discussion Questions Do you think that Camus and Clamence have similar political, philosophical, and religious beliefs? Are there any major differences- and if so, why do you think Camus decided to create a character whose views are so at odds with his own?In some important passages in The Fall, Clamence introduces violent images and intentionally shocking opinions. Why do you think Clamence is dwelling on such disconcerting topics? How is his willingness to make his listener uneasy tied to his role as a â€Å"judge-penitent?†Exactly how reliable is Clamence, in your opinion? Does he ever seem to exaggerate, to obscure the truth, or to introduce obvious falsehoods? Find a few passages where Clamence seems especially elusive or unreliable, and keep in mind that Clamence may become significantly more (or significantly less) reliable from passage to passage.Re-imagine The Fall told from a different perspective. Would Camus’s novel be more effective as a first-person account by Clamence, withou t a listener? As a straightforward, third-person description of Clamence’s life? Or is The Fall supremely effective in its present form? Note on Citations: All page numbers refer to Justin OBriens translation of The Fall (Vintage International, 1991).

Analysis of competitiveness of Chinese textile in EU market Essay

Analysis of competitiveness of Chinese textile in EU market - Essay Example The paper tells about the entry of China in the world market since 2005, with the quota-benefits is instrumental in her rising position as an important player in the world market with cutting edge of competitiveness and higher standards. Clark observes in his study of international competitiveness the need for the management and organization to work in harmony. â€Å"Management and organization is the focal point of Clark’s study. It is the force of international competitiveness that creates incentive for change. A government can create temporary incentives but can do little to get domestic firms optimize their objective functions in the long run†. The study conducted by Caves indicates that producers behaviour and resource allocation are altered by trade changes, rate of adjustment of the structure of the manufacturing. Industries to import competition and the amount of the sunk capital are highly correlated, marketing opportunity at a global scale enhances the plant-s cale economies, and the product differentiation changes the effect of import competition.Collis advocates a different approach saying â€Å"that an appropriate industrial policy corrects market imperfections and creates congenial environment for successful business. To adopt suitable industrial policy, it is essential to clearly define industry’s role, understand company’s strategies in the light of shifting comparative advantage and the changing structure of the global industries, identify market failures and implement coherent policies to minimize the pitfalls.†

The 3rd part of the Tyler Model concerns Organization Research Paper

The 3rd part of the Tyler Model concerns Organization - Research Paper Example Attaining a given objective needs a proper sequence of events before getting to the milestone and every part or section has particulars which need to be achieved. The Maryland school curriculum has a disciplinary literacy framework that cuts across the different disciplines within. The core issue of having a good framework is to ensure that students achieve world class education. The framework provides a direction to educators on what they need to do to facilitate the various units and lessons. Maryland is not a one party school and involves many stakeholders who must all comply with the core standard to ensure high performance within the institution. There are different grades within Maryland and students should know and be able to perform in the different disciplines. On this let’s look at the social study, science and technical subjects grades 6-12 on the standards applied by Maryland school. The core framework is to prepare students ahead as they enter into college of what challenges lie ahead, thus preparing them for excellence. It is essential for students to understand their literacy development isn’t achieved in a day but rather discipline and a sense of responsibility must be instilled. There is the division for instructions that provide essential skills to students. A framework for obtaining, analyzing, evaluating rich data and presenting credible conclusions in argumentations and explanations encourages research in the institution. Career preparation is important to students and there is a framework for defining literacy expectations for every student required for graduation.It is good to note that based on various units the organization may be differ a little bit but the core standard framework is similar to the whole school so as to ensure standard evaluation across all levels. Teachers in Maryland are encouraged to form daily instructions on their particular subjects in each day;

One Day In September Essay Example for Free

One Day In September Essay Analyze how the opening sequences of two documentary films help to establish genre and narrative. The two documentaries Im going to discuss are called one day in September and when we were kings these are both documentaries about well known sporting events. One day in September is about a group of Israeli athletes in the Olympics who are captured and held hostage by Palestinians whereas when we were kings is based on two boxers from America who compete for their country in Africa in 1974 called George Forman and Muhammad Ali. They are both an example of a well known competitive sport. One day in September opens with a short clip of Munich where the Olympics is due to be held it is presented as if it is advertising it as a holiday destination. The music at first is very cheerful and light with a narrator describing Munich and its attractions this is known as non diagetic sound. There are quick clips of the lifestyle and scenery in Munich to give you a general idea of what Munichs culture and lifestyle is like. It soon changes very serious and dramatic credits with a man quoting Well nobody could foresee what later on happened this leads the viewers to think already that this is not going to be a usual day. The credits slide onto a very dark blurred background with distorted reports on what seem to have happened in the background, this effect intrigues the audience to what actually happened on that day in September. When the credits finish the music changes back to the calm, peaceful music as before and the audience see slides of what appears to be a happy couples marriage. The viewer can already sense that these people are going to be involved. A woman is narrating over these short clip and goes straight in to talking past tense saying It was only a year and three months that I was married to Andrà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Spitzer this gives the audience the impression that they are not married anymore. The narrator carries on discussing her marriage and how she met Andre Spitzer this creates a bond between the audience and the narrator to leave a bigger effect on the viewers. The shot then changes to a prisoner however you cannot see his face, the sound then changes into tension building music to create suspense between the audience and this prisoner this also shows us black and white images of were he lives over these shots the prisoner goes directly into who he is and describes his past and his training. The camera shots keeps us curious into who he is and what he has done while the suspense of the music engages us into what happened one that day in September. The audience then go back to Andrà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Spitzers wifes perspective however the music stays the same building up the suspense while the point of view changes from the goodies to the baddies. The documentary then changes into a anonymous male describing what was about this Olympics that made it different from all the others for Andrà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ and his team. The sound then changes to an upbeat feel good song showing clips of the Olympics which confuses the audience slightly to what went wrong.

Global Inequalities Essay -- essays research papers

I found the book Global Inequalities quite interesting as well as being very informative. I enjoyed reading this book because unlike many other texts it was not very â€Å"cut and dry†, rather it was easy to read and Bradshaw and Wallace did a good job illustrating major points. This made the book easy to read because it did not require me to re-read many passages to understand the ideas presented. Prior to reading this book, I did not have too much knowledge about world events that have occurred in the past. I learned a great deal about international events, it also clarified many ideas that I had previously learned but was not too sure about the details. I found it extremely interesting learning about all of the different cultures and lifestyles that many countries enjoy around the world. I only have one complaint about the book; it is that the book is not very up-to-date. Many of the ideas pointed illustrated by Bradshaw and Wallace is out dated. In fact a couple of the id eas that are talked about have changed over time or even been solved since the book went to print, however even though some of the ideas are out dated many are still very interesting to read about. In general I thought that Bradshaw and Wallace did an excellent job composing a book that clearly illustrates many of the cultures including ours and the problems facing them over time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout the book Bradshaw and Wallace have presented many ideas that illustrate several inequalities throughout the world. There were three major points that I felt were the most important to my overall understanding of how cultures greatly differ from each other and the global inequalities around the world. In my opinion these ideas were important because they explain many of the problems that both developing and developed countries face on a daily basis. They were colonization, the Modernization Theory and World Systems Theory and the section about Baseball in Asia. Although Bradshaw and Wallace have presented many ideas and issues, I felt that these easily explained some main reasons as to why global inequalities transpire.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The first point that I felt was significant was the theory of colonization. Colonization was how many underdeveloped countries were formed; this also led to many problems in those respective countries. Colonization caused many ... ...ican’s have definitely seen plenty of fights, arguments, and off-field problems. In Japan this stuff would most likely never occur. Another major difference between Japanese baseball and American baseball is the fact that in Japan there is such a thing as a tie, however not in the U.S. In the United States a baseball game would not end until there was no longer a tie, no matter how long it took. In Japan the game will go no longer than four hours or twelve innings. These are some very big differences between our â€Å"American Pastime† and Japanese baseball. These are all ideas the Bradshaw and Wallace clearly illustrate as being â€Å"Global Inequalities†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout this book, Bradshaw and Wallace really helped me grasp more of an understanding about how much the world differs going from one culture to another. Being an athlete myself, the section about how much baseball differs from the U.S. to Japan really pointed out how the differences are extensive. The first two issues have led to many countries becoming underdeveloped. All of these issues are very important and are a learning process for all societies that wish to become a success in the near future.

Tissue Culture Technique for Callus Induction

Sarhad J. Agric. Vol. 23, No. 1, 2007 * Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar – Pakistan. ** Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, National Agricultural Research Center, Islamabad – Pakistan. TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUES FOR CALLUS INDUCTION IN RICE Hidayat Ullah*, Iltaf Ullah*, Sultan Akbar Jadoon* and Hamid Rashid** ABSTRACT Seeds of two rice varieties Basmati-370 and Basmati-385 were evaluated for invitro callus induction at Agricultural Biotechnology Institute in National Agricultural Research Center (NARC), Islamabad during 2001-02, using M.S and N6 media supplemented with 2, 4-D (2,4-Dichlorophenoxi acetic acid) and BAP (6-benzylaminopurine) at @ 2. 0, 2. 5 and 0. 1, 0. 5 mgl-1 respectively. Objective of our study is to know the actual procedure for seed sterilization and to provide a well-adopted technique for callus induction in these varieties by using M. S and N6 media along with different concentrations of growth hormo nes. Seeds were used as explant source and to avoid chance of contamination sodium hypochlorite and ethanol at the rate of 50% and 70% were used respectively.Best response toward callus induction were observed for Bas-385 on both MS and N6 media however N6 media was proved to be best. Calli obtained from Bas-385 were friable and vigorous as compare to Bas-370. Bas-370 respond moderately on MS and N6 media at various combinations of 2,4-D and BAP. Bas-370 on MS media supplemented with 2,4-D and BAP @ 2. 0 and 0. 1 mgl-1 gave good performance towards callus induction. Over all results indicated that best callus were induced on MS and N6 when supplemented with 2,4-D and BAP @2. 0 and 0. 0 mgl-1 for variety Bas-385. INTRODUCTION In Pakistan rice is the second leading crop after wheat.In 2000-2001, the world annual production of rice was 598 million tones (FAO 2002). Asia is the largest producer of rice, with Bangladesh, China, Philippines, Thailand and Vietnams as the leading rice produ cing nations. In Pakistan rice covered an area of 2. 52 million ha, with the production of 5. 16 million tones in 1999-2000. It also play important role in our national economy. During 1999-2000 about 1. 92 million tones of rice was exported and earn about 465. 8 million US$. Rice is susceptible to a range of diseases and pests, which annually destroy about 55 percent of rice crops. The most common diseases are caused by he fungi sheath blight and rice blast, and the stalk borer is a common insect pest. Rice is composed of essential food components, therefore more than two billions people in the globe depend on rice for more than half of the proteins and calories they consume (Khan et al. 2000). Due to its increasing importance in nutrition and economy, it is now felt that new varieties of rice, having good agronomic characters, should be evolved. Crop improvement through tissue culture techniques is easier and more often in use as compared to conventional plant breeding (Yamada, 19 86). Somaclonal variations commonly ppear after tissue culture, which involve a callus stage (Larkin and Scow Croft 1981). Callus is undifferentiated mass of rapidly proliferating cells, can be obtained by culturing explants source (seed, node, bud, leaves, meristem and root tips etc) on nutrient medium containing specific growth regulators along with a standard recipe of chemicals. Rashid et al. (2000) studied that rice seeds have more potential for callogenesis as compared to node or tip. Successful callus induction from rice seed has been reported by several researchers (Gonalz 2000; Navraj et al. 1999; Marrassi 1996; Valdez et al. 1997; Xie et al. 995). But an improved method for callogenesis was reported by Rashid et al. 2000). The present study is based on tissue culture techniques carried out in ABI laboratory for callus induction in rice varieties viz. Basmati-370 and Basmati-385. Two types of basal media M. S (Murashige and Skoog 1962) and N6 (Nitsch and Nitsch, 1969) suppl emented with 2,4-D (2,4- dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) alone or in combination with different concentrations of BAP (6-benzylaminopurine) were used for callus induction. Hidayat Ullah, et al. Tissue culture techniques for callus induction in rice†¦. 82 MATERIALS AND METHODSThe research work for callus induction in rice was conducted at the tissue culture laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology Institute in National Agricultural Research Center (NARC), Islamabad, during 2001-02. The procedure of this research work has been divided in the following four main categories. Surface Sterilization of Rice Seeds Seeds of Basmati-370 and Basmati-385 were provided by rice programmed, Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (ABI), National Agricultural Research Center Islamabad, and it was taken as explant source for callus induction. Healthy and mature seeds were selected by hysical appearance and they were dehusked manually. Seeds were first washed with detergent and then rinsed three times with simple tap water. For surface sterilization of seeds Clorox (5. 25% sodium hypochlorite) and ethanol was applied. After the applications of Clorox and ethanol seeds were rinsed thrice with autoclaved distilled water. Finally the seeds were dried with autoclaved filter paper, and they were shifted carefully to the culture room of Agricultural Biotechnology Institute. Basal Media Preparation M. S and N6 basal media were used for callus initiation. These media were prepared according to he ingredients (Table I). The exact amount of nutrients was dissolved in the distilled water. Two types of growth regulators 2,4-D alone or in combination with BAP was used for callus induction. 2,4-D @ 2. 0 and 2. 5 mg l-1 and BAP @ 0. 0, 0. 1, 0. 5 mg l-1 respectively was added in the media. Sucrose at the rate of 3% and agar at the rate of 0. 7% was also added in the media. PH of the media was adjusted at 5. 78-5. 80 with the help of PH-meter. M. S. and N6 media were poured into the test tubes, it was plugged properly and autoclaved at 20 lbs pressure for 15 minutes in the autoclave machine.Inoculation of Sterilized Seeds The most important step in tissue culture technique is the inoculation of seeds. This operation was performed in the laminar flow cabinet at the culture room of ABI. Before the operation surface sterilization of the laminar flow unit was carried by UV-light for two minutes. After that hands were disinfected with 75% ethanol to prevent chance of contamination. Dried seeds were then inoculated into test tubes under aseptic condition in laminar flow unit. To minimize chance of infection the instruments were dipped in disinfectant after every operation. Growth ChamberInoculated cultures were incubated at 25 ±3? C under the influence of 2000-lux light intensity for 16 hours photoperiod. Callus induction of rice seeds were observed after 21- days. The data for callus induction frequency were recorded for two rice varieties on two different media with differen t concentrations of growth regulators. Table I Composition of MS and N6 media Macronutrients KNO3 1900 2830 NH4NO3 1650 0 CaCl2. 2H2O 440 166 MgSO4 370 90. 37 KH2PO4 170 400 (NH4)2 SO4 — 463 Micronutrients MnSO4. H2O 16. 9 3. 33 H3BO3 6. 2 1. 6 KI 0. 83 0. 80 ZnSO4. 4H2O 8. 6 — ZnSO4. 7H2O — 1. 5 NaMoO4. 2H2O 0. 5 — CuSO4. 5H2O 0. 025 — CoCl2. 6H2O 0. 025 — Iron source FeSO4. 7H2O 27. 85 27. 85 NaEDTA 37. 25 37. 25 Vitamins Myoinositol 100 — Nicotinic Acid 0. 5 0. 5 Pyridoxine HCl 0. 5 0. 5 Thiamine HCl 0. 1 1. 0 Glycine 2. 0 — Sucrose 30g 30g Agar 7g 7g RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Results obtained from tissue culture techniques of Bas-370 and Bas-385 performed in ABI laboratory and repeated three times from 10th February to Sarhad J. Agric. Vol. 23, No. 1, 2007 83 October 2001. Chance of contamination was much low when both the varieties were treated with 50% Clorox and 70% ethanol. Oono (1981) also used eeds as explants source for rice callus induction. The main objective of our study is to know the actual procedure for seed sterilization and callogenesis in these cultivars. The potential of both varieties for callus induction was observed significantly different on M. S and N6 media at different concentrations of growth regulators. It is noteworthy that N6 and M. S media, which proved to be optimum for the growth of callus, were unable to support cell growth in liquid media. Callus induced from both the varieties were different at various level of 2,4-D and BAP. Maximum callus formation (62. 5%) was recorded or Bas-385, followed by Bas-370 (55. 55%) when seeds were cultured on MS medium supplemented with 2,[email  protected] 0 mgl-1 and 2mgl-1 2,4-D+0. 1mgl-1 BAP respectively (Table II and IV). Lowest callus of 41. 66 % was observed each for Bas-370 and Bas-385 when MS medium is supplemented with 2. 5 and 0. 5 mgl-1 of 2,4-D and BAP respectively. It is cleared that potential of Bas-385 towards callogenesi s was higher than Bas-370. Averaged across MS media callus induction frequency was 48. 14 % for BAS-370 vs 53. 22 % for BAS-385 (Fig 2). This is equivalent to the net reduction of 5. 08 % for BAS-370. Growth regulator 2,4-D at he rate of 2mgl-1 was suggested and proved to be best for callus induction in both the varieties. Using N6 media callus induction frequency ranged from 20. 83 to 68. 05% for both the varieties. When 2,[email  protected] was supplemented with N6 media, produced highest and good quality callus from Bas-385 (68. 05%) and minimum (20. 83%) from Bas-370 (Table III and IV). This result indicated positive correlation between 2,4-D and Bas-385 and negative for Bas-370. Average across N6 media callus induction frequency was 23. 6 % for Bas-370 vs 60. 64 % for Bas-385 (Fig. 3). This is equivalent to the net reduction of 7. 2 % for BAS- 370. Calli obtained from both the varieties were friable, granular, and yellow in color. So it was proved that N6 media is better for callus induction of rice as compared to M. S medium. Overall result of BAS-385 was best on various concentrations of 2,4-D and BAP on both, MS and N6 media. Callus form Bas-385 was healthy and more fleshy as compare to Bas-370 (Figure 1). The active division of cells was more prominent in the callus of Bas-385, that’s why it looks bulky. Secondly Bas-385 had more capacity for producing callus, especially when N6 media supplemented with 2,4- [email  protected]Agronomic features of Bas-385 are also better than Bas-370 because it is developed through hybridization between Bas-370 and TN-1. Callus induction must be dependent on the genetic potentials of the variety and secondly the combination of hormones at different concentration. Callus induction is the best way to create somaclonal variations in crop plants. Variations are the basis for improvement and some time this variation is heritable. Oono (1981) cultured seed explants of rice varieties and observed variation for cert ain agronomic characters that are also heritable. Once cultured techniques were stablished in rice, it become possible to apply them for callus regeneration and transformation. (b) Calli obtained from Bas-385 (a) Calli Obtained form Bas-370 Hidayat Ullah, et al. Tissue culture techniques for callus induction in rice†¦. 84 Table II Percentage callus induction frequency and contamination in Bas-370 on M. S Medium Treatments Sterilizing agents Clorox time/Ethano l time (min) Hormone in mg L-1 # Of inoculated test tubes % Contamination % Callus induction frequency % Clorox % Ethanol 2,4-D BAP 1 50 70 20/1. 0 2. 0 0. 0 72 58. 33% 20. 83% 2 50 70 20/2. 0 2. 0 0. 1 72 73. 61% 22. 22% 50 70 20/4. 0 2. 5 0. 5 72 52. 77% 27. 77% Table III Percentage callus induction frequency and contamination in Bas-370 on N6 Medium. Treatments Sterilizing agents Clorox time/Ethano l time (min) Hormone used in mg L-1 # Of inoculated test tubes % Contami nation % Callus induction frequency % Clorox % Eth anol 2,4-D BAP % Clorox 1 50 70 20/1. 0 2. 0 0. 0 72 1 50 2 50 70 20/2. 0 2. 0 0. 1 72 2 50 3 50 70 20/4. 0 2. 5 0. 5 72 3 50 Table IV Percentage callus induction frequency and contamination in Bas-385 on M. S Medium. Treatments Sterilizing agents Clorox /Ethanol time (min) Hormone used in mg L-1 Of inoculated test tubes % Contami nation % Callus induction % Clorox % Ethanol 2,4-D BAP % Clorox 1 50 70 20/1. 0 2. 0 0. 0 72 1 50 2 50 70 20/2. 0 2. 0 0. 1 72 2 50 3 50 70 20/4. 0 2. 5 0. 5 72 3 50 Table V. Percentage callus induction frequency and contamination in Bas-385 on N6 Medium Treatments Sterilizing agents Clorox/Etha nol time (min) Hormone used in mg L-1 # Of inoculated test tubes % Contami nation % Callus induction frequency % Clorox % Ethanol 2,4-D BAP % Clorox 1 50 70 20/1. 0 2. 0 0. 0 72 1 50 2 50 70 20/2. 0 2. 0 0. 1 72 2 50 3 50 70 20/4. 0 2. 5 0. 5 72 3 50 Sarhad J. Agric. Vol. 3, No. 1, 2007 85 20. 83 62. 5 22. 22 55. 5 27. 77 41. 66 0 20 40 60 80 Bas-370 Bas-385 Variet ies Callus induction freq (%) 2,4-D&[email  protected] 0&0. 0 2,4-D&[email  protected] 0&0. 1 2,4-D&[email  protected] 5&0. 5 47. 22 68. 05 55. 55 61. 11 41. 66 52. 77 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Bas-370 Bas-385 Varieties Callus induction freq (%) 2,4-D&[email  protected] 0&0. 0 2,4-D&[email  protected] 0&0. 1 2,4-D&[email  protected] 5&0. 5 Fig. 2. Callus induction frequency (%) of Bas-370 and Bas-385 on M. S media at different level of 2,4-D and BAP. Fig. 3. Callus induction frequency (%) of Bas-370 and Bas-385 on N6 media at different level of 2,4-D and BAP. Hidayat Ullah, et al.Tissue culture techniques for callus induction in rice†¦. 86 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION Infections of the callus is main problem in tissue culture technique so we should adopt the following precautions. 1. We should sterilize the seeds in 50% hypochlorite solution for 20 minutes and all the apparatus like flasks, petri plates, blades and forceps etc. should be disinfectant with 70% ethan ol. Media should be prepared accurately with respect to concentrations and PH of the media must be maintained properly. Exact amount of growth hormones must be added. 2. Seeds of Bas-370 on MS media with combination 2. and 0. 1mgl-1 should be used to get maximum callus, while hormonal combination 2,4-D and BAP @2. 0 and 0. 0 mg l-1 should be used for better callus induction of Bas-385 on N6 media. Bas-385 is an improved version of Bas-370 because it is developed through hybridization between Bas-370 and TN-1. That’s why it is more responsive towards callus as will as high doses of fertilizers. Over all results indicated that Bas- 385 having more potentials and suitable for further genetic studies. REFERENCES FAO. 2002 Food Outlook Bullet. No: 1,FAO, Rome. Gonalz, M. C. 2000. Effects of different growth egulators on in vitro culture of rice cultivors. Tropicales. 21(1): 27-28. Khan, J. A. , F. F. Jamil and M. A. Gill. 2000. Screnning of rice varieties against bakanae and bacte rial leaf blight. Pak. J. Phytopath. 12(1): 6-11. Larkin, P. J. and W. R. Scowcraft. 1981. Somaclonal variation a novel source of variability from cell cultures of plant improvement. Theor. Appld. Genet. 60:197-214. Marasi, M. A. , O. A. Bovo, A. Socchi and L. A. Mrongiski. 1996. Cytokining in the callus induction medium for plant regeneration of rice. Phyton Int, J. Exp. Bot. 59(1-2): 155-160. Murashige, T. and F. Skoog. 1962.Arevised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol. Plant. 15: 473-497. Navraj, K. , M. S. Gill, G. Raman, T. S. Bharaj, S. S. Gosal, N. Kaur and R. Gill. 1999. Factors enhancing somatic embryogenesis and high frequency plant regeneration in rice. Crop Improv. 26(1): 23-27. Nitsch, J. P. and C. Nitsch. 1969. Haploid plants from pollen grains. Sci. 163: 85-87. Oono, K. 1981. In vitro methods applied to rice in plant tissue culture. T. Athorpe, ed. Acad. Press, New York. pp. 273-298. Rashid, H. , A. Toriyama, K. Qurashi, Hinta a nd K. A. Malik. 2000. An improved method for hoot regeneration from calli of Indica rice. Pak. J. Biol. Sci. 3 (12): 2229-2231. Valdez, M. , M. Monoz, J. R. Vega and A. M. Espinoza. 1997. Plant regeneration of Indica rice from mature embryo derived calli. Revistade Biologia Tropical. 44(3): 13-21. Xie, J. H. , M. W. Gao, Q. H. Cai, X. Y. Chens, Y. W. Shen and Z. Q. Liang. 1995 Optimized growth regulators combination in Japonica rice. Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture. 42(3): 245-250. Yamada, Y. , T. Q. Yang and D. T. Tang. 1986. Plant regeneration from protoplast derived callus of rice (Oryza sativa L. ). Plant Cell Reports. 4: 85-88

The Renaissance: the Invention of the Printing Press

At the height of the Hussite crisis in the early 1400's, when the authorities ordered 200 manuscripts of heretical writings burned, people on both sides realized quite well the significance of that act. Two hundred handwritten manuscripts would be hard to replace. Not only would it be a time consuming job, but also trained scribes would be hard to find. After all, most of them worked for the Church, and it seemed unlikely that the Church would loan out its scribes to copy the works of heretics.Although the Hussites more than held their own against the Church, their movement remained confined mainly to the borders of their homeland of Bohemia. One main reason for this was that there was no mass media, such as the printing press to spread the word. A century later, all that had changed. Like any other invention, the printing press came along and had an impact when the right conditions existed at the right time and place. In this case, that was Europe in the mid 1400's.Like many or most inventions, the printing press was not the result of just one man's ingenious insight into all the problems involved in creating the printing press. Rather, printing was a combination of several different inventions and innovations: block printing, rag paper, oil based ink, interchangeable metal type, and the squeeze press. If one process started the chain reaction of events that led to the invention of the printing press, it was the rise of towns in Western Europe that sparked trade with the outside world all the way to China.That trade exposed Europeans to three things important for the invention of the printing press: rag paper, block printing, and, oddly enough, the Black Death. For centuries the Chinese had been making rag paper, which was made from a pulp of water and discarded rags that was then pressed into sheets of paper. When the Arabs met the Chinese at the battle of the Talas River in 751 A. D. , they carried off several prisoners skilled in making such paper. The tech nology spread gradually across the Muslim world, up through Spain and into Western Europe by the late 1200's.The squeeze press used in pressing the pulp into sheets of paper would also lend itself to pressing print evenly onto paper. The Black Death, which itself spread to Western Europe thanks to expanded trade routes, also greatly catalyzed the invention of the printing press in three ways, two of which combined with the invention of rag paper to provide Europe with plentiful paper. First of all, the survivors of the Black Death inherited the property of those who did not survive, so that even peasants found themselves a good deal richer.Since the textile industry was the most developed industry in Western Europe at that time, it should come as no surprise that people spent their money largely on new clothes. However, clothes wear out, leaving rags. As a result, fourteenth century Europe had plenty of rags to make into rag paper, which was much cheaper than the parchment (sheepski n) and vellum (calfskin) used to make books until then. Even by 1300, paper was only one-sixth the cost of parchment, and its relative cost continued to fall. Considering it took 170 calfskins or 300 sheepskins to make one copy of the Bible, we can see what a bargain paper was.But the Black Death had also killed off many of the monks who copied the books, since the crowded conditions in the monasteries had contributed to an unusually high mortality rate. One result of this was that the cost of copying books rose drastically while the cost of paper was dropping. Many people considered this unacceptable and looked for a better way to copy books. Thus the Black Death rag paper combined to create both lots of cheap paper plus an incentive for the invention of the printing press.The Black Death also helped lead to the decline of the Church, the rise of a money economy, and subsequently the Italian Renaissance with its secular ideas and emphasis on painting. It was the Renaissance artists who, in their search for a more durable paint, came up with oil-based paints. Adapting these to an oil-based ink that would adhere to metal type was fairly simple. Block printing, carved on porcelain, had existed for centuries before making its way to Europe. Some experiments with interchangeable copper type had been carried on in Korea.However, Chinese printing did not advance beyond that, possibly because the Chinese writing system used thousands of characters and was too unmanageable. For centuries after its introduction into Europe, block printing still found little use, since wooden printing blocks wore out quickly when compared to the time it took to carve them. As a result of the time and expense involved in making block prints, a few playing cards and pages of books were printed this way, but little else. What people needed was a movable type made of metal.And here again, the revival of towns and trade played a major role, since it stimulated a mining boom, especially in Ge rmany, along with better techniques for working metals, including soft metals such as gold and copper. It was a goldsmith from Mainz, Germany, Johannes Gutenberg, who created a durable and interchangeable metal type that allowed him to print many different pages, using the same letters over and over again in different combinations. It was also Gutenberg who combined all these disparate elements of movable type, rag paper, the squeeze press, and oil based inks to invent the first printing press in 1451.The first printed books were religious in nature, as were most medieval books. They also imitated (handwritten) manuscript form so that people would accept this new revolutionary way of copying books. The printing press soon changed the forms and uses of books quite radically. Books stopped imitating manuscript forms such as lined paper to help the copiers and abbreviations to save time in copying. They also covered an increasingly wider variety of non-religious topics (such as grammar s, etiquette, and geology books) that appealed especially to the professional members of the middle class.By 1482, there were about 100 printing presses in Western Europe: 50 in Italy, 30 in Germany, 9 in France, 8 each in Spain and Holland, and 4 in England. A Venetian printer, Aldus Manutius, realized that the real market was not for big heavy volumes of the Bible, but for smaller, cheaper, and easier to handle â€Å"pocket books†. Manutius further revolutionized book copying by his focusing on these smaller editions that more people could afford. He printed translations of the Greek classics and thus helped spread knowledge in general, and the Renaissance in particular, across Europe.By 1500, there were some 40,000 different editions with over 6,000,000 copies in print. The printing press had dramatic effects on European civilization. Its immediate effect was that it spread information quickly and accurately. This helped create a wider literate reading public. However, its importance lay not just in how it spread information and opinions, but also in what sorts of information and opinions it was spreading. There were two main directions printing took, both of which were probably totally unforeseen by its creators.First of all, more and more books of a secular nature were printed, with especially profound results in science. Scientists working on the same problem in different parts of Europe especially benefited, since they could print the results of their work and share it accurately with a large number of other scientists. They in turn could take that accurate, not miscopied, information, work with it and advance knowledge and understanding further. Of course, they could accurately share their information with many others and the process would continue.By the 1600's, this process would lead to the Scientific Revolution of the Enlightenment, which would radically alter how Europeans viewed the world and universe. The printing press also created its s hare of trouble as far as some people were concerned. It took book copying out of the hands of the Church and made it much harder for the Church to control or censor what was being written. It was hard enough to control what Wycliffe and Hus wrote with just a few hundred copies of their works in circulation.Imagine the problems the Church had when literally thousands of such works could be produced at a fraction of the cost. Each new printing press was just another hole in the dyke to be plugged up, and the Church had only so many fingers with which to do the job. It is no accident that the breakup of Europe's religious unity during the Protestant Reformation corresponded with the spread of printing. The difference between Martin Luther's successful Reformation and the Hussites' much more limited success was that Luther was armed with the printing press and knew how to use it with devastating effect.Some people go as far as to say that the printing press is the most important invent ion between the invention of writing itself and the computer. Although it is impossible to justify that statement to everyone's satisfaction, one can safely say that the printing press has been one of the most powerful inventions of the modern era. It has advanced and spread knowledge and molded public opinion in a way that nothing before the advent of television and radio in the twentieth century could rival. If it were not able to, then freedom of the press would not be such a jealously guarded liberty as it is today.

261 Ellison and Invisible Man Professor Ramos Blog

261 Ellison and Invisible Man Quick Write Ralph Ellison (1914 1994) Invisible Man (1952) Jazz: A Metaphor for America Crash Course Thug Notes

Myers Surname Meaning and Origin

Myers Surname Meaning and Origin The surname Myers or Myer is usually either of German or British origin, depending upon the country of the particular family. The German origin of the surname Myers has the meaning steward or bailiff, as in the magistrate of a city or town.​The English origin of the surname has three possible sources:   A patronymic surname meaning son of the mayor,  from  the Old English  maire  (maior)  meaning  mayor.A topographic surname for someone who lived near a marsh, or someone with mire (swampy, low-lying land) in the town name,  from the Old Norse myrr meaning marsh.Possibly a surname derived from the Old French  mire  meaning physician.   Myers can also be an  Anglicized form of the Gaelic surname Ó Midhir, likely a variant of Ó Meidhir, meaning mayor.   Myers is the 85th most popular surname in the United States. Surname Origin:  English, German Alternate Surname Spellings:  MYER, MEYERS, MEYER, MEERS, MEARS, MEARES, MYARS, MYRES, MIERS, MIARES, MYERES Famous People with the Surname MYERS Michael John Mike Myers: Canadian actor, comedian, screenwriter, director, and film producerStephenie Meyer: American author, best known for her Twilight book seriesJonathan Rhys Meyers: Irish actorWalter Dean Myers: American authorErnest Myers:  English poet, classicist, and author Where Do People With the MYERS Surname Live? Myers is the worlds 1,777th most common surname, according to surname distribution data from  Forebears, found most prevalently in the United States. It is most common based on a percentage of the population in Liberia, where it ranks 74th. It is a little less common in Canada, Australia, and England, where it ranks 427th, 435th and 447th respectively. Myers is especially common on Prince Edward Island, Canada, according to  WorldNames PublicProfiler. Within the United States, Myers is found most frequently in the states of West Virginia, Indiana, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Kansas and Ohio. Genealogy Resources for the Surname MYERS 100 Most Common U.S. Surnames Their MeaningsSmith, Johnson, Williams, Jones, Brown... Are you one of the millions of Americans sporting one of these top 100 common last names from the 2000 census? Myers Family Crest - Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Myers family crest or coat of arms for the Myers surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male-line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted.   MYERS Family Genealogy ForumSearch this popular genealogy forum for the Myers surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Myers query. FamilySearch - MYERS GenealogyAccess over 9 million free historical records and lineage-linked family trees posted for the Myers surname and its variations on this free genealogy website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. MYERS Surname Family Mailing ListsRootsWeb hosts several free mailing lists for researchers of the Myers surname. DistantCousin.com - MYERS Genealogy Family HistoryExplore free databases and genealogy links for the last name Myers. The Myers Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse family trees and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the last name Myers from the website of Genealogy Today. References: Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998. Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997. Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Business Law - Questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business Law - Questions - Assignment Example When an offer is made to the offeree, he can either accept or put down the offer made to him, if he accepts the offer, this means that the second element of the contract recognized as acceptance have been completed. If a contract has to be recognized as valid, it should contain the third element recognized as consideration. Consideration is the term assigned to a promise or a factor on which bargaining takes place, consideration is offered by the offerror and whether to accept the consideration or reject it or bargain on it is entirely in the hands of the offeree. Another important element of a contract is intention; the people involved in creation of a legal contract should have the intention of creating a legal contract and not just an agreement that has not been legally created. The last element of a contract is the certainty of the contract, this means that the contract should be concise and clear in nature so it can be enforced. Increase in the use of internet to conduct transac tion between the sellers and the buyers gave way for the creation of a distance contract. A distance contract is referred to a contract in which the buyer and the seller or the parties involved in the contract have never physically been in each other’s presence since the start of the contract till the end of the contract. For examples: a distance contract is created when parties are involved in selling and purchasing of goods and services over the internet through different means such as email, telephone calls and faxes. In this kind of contract, the seller or merchandiser is required to provide any information to the purchaser that might influence his purchasing decision, once the to be purchaser has accepted the information, the seller is required to provide the same details in written form, the merchandise has to be delivered to the purchaser within thirty days and if the purchaser wants he can cancel the contract with seven days of the date of delivery. For example, in Th ornton v. Shoe Parking case, the customer experienced injury in the parking area because of negligence caused by the defendant, the customer received the ticket of car parking after he had installed his money in the ticket machine, the terms and conditions that applied to the car parking area were stated on the ticket and the customer was not informed about the terms before he purchased the ticket, thus, the term of no exclusion of liability in case of personal injuries caused due to negligence was rejected as according to the distance contract, all information is to be provided before the purchase decision is made (Beale, 1990, p.337). Expressed terms refer to those stipulations and circumstances that are mentioned in the contact at the most specific level and are accepted by the parties involved in the creation of that particular contract, these terms can be in verbal, as well as written, form. For example, in the case of Bannerman V White, the purchaser had entered a contract wit h the seller on the terms that the hops he was purchasing were to be used to prepare beer and should not be treated with sulphur, the seller had assured him that they were not treated with sulphur, but they were actually treated with sulphur when the purchaser received them, thus, the seller was in breach of contract as the contract clearly stated that hops