Significant Monarchs in the History of Westminster Abbey :: Westminster Abbey Architecture Monarchs Essays

Significant Monarchs in the History of Westminster AbbeyWestminster Abbey, an architectural accomplishment from the thirteenth century on, gives an illustrative display of British history. While periodical worship still exists, it isnt a cathedral or a parish church (Internet Westminster). The elaborate Lady Chapel, the shrine of St. Edward the Confessor, as well as tombs and memorials for fags, queens, the known and great, allow the Abbey to be considered a Royal Peculiar, which means that it falls under direct control of the British monarch (Internet Westminster). While every king or queen is significant, a small number have made an impact on the Abbey. Nobility of which include St. Edward the Confessor William the Conqueror hydrogen III, Richard II, Henry VII, Henry VIII, Mary I, Elizabeth I, James I, Charles I, George VI and Elizabeth II. With minimal amounts of historical documentation, it is difficult to determine whether a church survived prior to Westminster Abbey (Inter net Chronology). While the Venerable Bede provides no records of a pre-existing church, folklore attributes the establishment to King Serbert of the East Saxons (Internet St. Edward). He is also recognized for founding St. Pauls Cathedral in London (St. Edward). King Serbert build the Benedictine church in 616 AD, after a fisherman is said to have been on the Thames river when he witnessed a vision of St. shit (Internet Saint Peter). St. Peter is given credit for allegedly consecrating the church himself (Internet St. Edward). One of the Twelve Apostles, the Gospel mentions that he was the first to profess his faith believing Jesus was the Son of theology (Internet Chronology). Charters found in the Abbey support the existing folklore (Chronology). Records prove that King Offa made a grant for the monastery in 785 to St. Peter and the needy people of God in Thorney in the terrible, awful place which is called act Westmunster (Chronology). The charter was also significant in first naming Westminster, setting it apart from its brother to the east, St. Pauls Cathedral (Internet St. Edward). From Glastonbury to Westminster, St. Dunstan, Bishop of London, brought twelve monks to the Abbey around 960 AD (St. Edward). A charter granting land to the church in 961, by King Edgar, refers to a church existing in the area (Internet Chronology). However a place of worship originated there, it is Edward the Confessor who is credited with the establishment of Westminster Abbey.

Book Jackets :: Essays Papers

account hold up JacketsBook jacket, book cover, dust jacket, dust cover. They are all words that pull in one pretty innocuous thing the thing that covers the hard cardboard cover of a book. The book jacket was developed for practical purposes only to treasure books from dust, insects and other harmful entities. However, as years progressed, the book jacket has become a separate part of the book itself and the reading experience. The book jacket has morphed into non only an addendum using upd to help sell the book, but also into a piece of art in and of itself. Classic books such as Ralph Ellisons The inconspicuous Man , Joseph Hellers Catch-22 and newer titles such as Michael Crichtons Jurassic Park and Chuck Palahniuks Lullaby . Theres even a celebrity book jacket designer in our middle its hard to miss Chip Kidd and his eclectic and eye catching designs gracing the shelves of bookstores and libraries across the country and the world. The book jacket has come a long way sinc e its azoic inception as a protector of books it has become the first step in the reading experience.Although book covers have been decorated for many years, it wasnt until the 1800s that book jackets came into existence. Book jackets first appeared in England in the nineteenth century, in a culture that was still discovering the rules of consumerism. Their early evolution came about in fits and starts, constrained by ethnic inhibitions that are now difficult to understand. When decoration was present on the outside of the book, it took the form of either blocking onto binding cloth, or pasting printed subject sheets onto the front and book binding boards (Powers 6). Up until the advent of book jackets at this time, the decorated covers of books were quite popular and even produced celebrities of book cover design. Aubrey Beardsley and Sarah Wyman Whitman were popular book cover designers of the 1800s. Pasted paper designs started appearing on books as early as the 1830s which s oon gave way to two colored textured designs and gold stamping in the 1840s and 1850s. As the years progressed, the use of text and colored ink was simplified and became commonplace on book covers around the world. The transformation of book design owed much to the Arts and Crafts movement, which revered the book as an object both functional and aesthetic, a part of everyday life yet worthy of care and adornment.

Immigration Essay -- essays research papers fc

With the many different groups of populate glide slope to this country in await of a better life, we should cut back on who we should allow to have citizenship. There are thousands of immigrants coming to the U.S. every day. A lot of these immigrants are bootleg aliens coming to the U.S. to find jobs. Whenever we catch illegals crossing our borders, we should send them right back and that would be the end of the story. Instead we are bringing them to c type Aeres to wait until the government finds stunned what to do with them. With so many immigrants coming over everyday, the U.S. lets people out of these c antiophthalmic factors and into our society so we can fit the new people who are coming over here in the c deoxyadenosine monophosphates.It is estimated that 4 million illegal aliens are living in the U.S. right now. That means that the government has no idea who these people are or where they are. "Nobody knows who these people are," said a Brownsville, Texas trail er-court owner Bob White. "They could be terrorist, or bandits, or typhoid carriers. This is why the U.S. government call for to spend more money and stop immigrants at the border. If the United States didnt let any of these people in this country, we would still have people without jobs. So its non like we need these people in our country. In Mexico 60 percent of its labor force is unemployed. So a lot of these people think that in that location are jobs for them in the U.S., on the nose now there arent. In the first 4 months of 1988 400,000 illegal aliens were caught trying to cross the border. That may sound like a lot, but 300,000 slipped through without being caught. That means that over 40 percent of the people that tried to get into this country illegally, succeeded. If we get more agents on guard by our borders we could cut that number to a tolerable level.Some immigrants that come to this country legally that have a good education and can work healthy are non a p roblem. The problem is that there arent very many of these kinds of people that are trying to get into this country. Many immigrants are poor and just want jobs to keep themselves alive or to support their family.It is hard for illegal immigrants who cant prove that they are legal workers to find jobs. Some employers know from the start that the soul they hired is illegal and just hire them because they will work for minimum wage or even less. Trying to get voluntary compliance not hire... ...9FC7B05&ajparam_logpickord=2&ajparam_list1=0&x=22&y=8)Immigration and Naturalization. Immigration and Naturalization Service.     (http//www.ask.com/main/metaAnswer.asp?MetaEngine=Infoseek&logQID=6291454C1F8BD311A2D900A0C9FC7B05&qCategory=EDU_&qSource=0&frames=yes&site_name=Jeeves&scope=web&r=x&MetaTopic=U.S.+Immigration+and+Naturalization+Service&MetaURL=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ins.usdoj.gov%2F&EngineOrdinal=2&ItemOrdinal=1&ask=imm igration+metasearch&origin=0&MetaList=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ins.usdoj.gov%2F&x=19&y=10)American Immigration Center. American Immigration Center USA Immigration.     (http//www.ask.com/main/metaAnswer.asp?MetaEngine=WebCrawler&logQID=6291454C1F8BD311A2D900A0C9FC7B05&qCategory=EDU_&qSource=0&frames=yes&site_name=Jeeves&scope=web&r=x&MetaTopic=IMMIGRATION%3A+American+Immigration+Center+-+USA+IMMIGRATION+I&MetaURL=http%3A%2F%2Fus-immigration.com%2F&EngineOrdinal=3&ItemOrdinal=6&ask=immigration+metasearch&origin=0&MetaList=http%3A%2F%2Fus-immigration.com%2F&x=24&y=4)

Does Technology Drive History? Essay -- History Technology Essays

A theme that appears over and over in discussions about engine room is whether or not technology is the cause of major social, cultural, political, and economic changes in modern society. Of course, we can find many, many examples of technologies associated with enormous social changes. The automobile, for example, is often spoke of as causing a whole array of social changes, from the creation of suburbia, to the development of the fast food industry, to the paving of farm land, to the imported oil vulnerabilities of the 1970s. The popular media is filled with similar examples of virgin technologies that are going to change everything, from computers to nanotechnologies to new medical devices. And we are often told that we must find ways to accommodate ourselves to these new devices and to the changes they will cause, that we must get to to ride the wave of social flux produced by emerging technologies, or face the dire prospect of being left behind.This language and these argumen ts, whether in the command media or in scholarly analyses, are examples of various kinds of technological determinism, the notion that technology is the most powerful commit behind the modern world, that technology drives narration (Smith, Marx, 1994). Those who support this idea often claim more technology may well be pushing us in directions we do not indispensableness to go, that technology has somehow gotten out of control. Technological determinism comes in different forms. For some, such as the late French scholar Jacques Ellul (1965, 1980, 1990), technology is the most powerful force in modern life, moving according to its own logic, and well beyond the control of humans. Others, such as political theorist Langdon Winner (1977, 1986), assert that tech... ...equired to put forward and operate technological systems, such as electrical power grids, nationwide telephone systems, television networks, etc. While the people involved in technological systems do have the power to make choices -- as the anti-determinists claim -- they must make those choices in settings that can impose significant limits on the range of choices available, as the determinists claim. In other words, the control of technology becomes more demanding, and maybe ultimately impossible, as we move from smaller and simpler structures and artifacts toward much larger, complex, and interdependent systems. It is much more difficult to change our minds about technologies after they have developed such organizational shells as multinational corporations or public utilities, and after so much coronation has occurred (Collingridge, 1980, Morone, Woodhouse, 1986).

Essay --

Corporations are contributing to the going greens epidemic. Going green means to pursue knowledge and practices that lead to more surroundally friendly and ecologically responsible decisions and lifestyles (Middletown Thrall Library, 2008). There are several pros and cons that organizations experience when deciding to develop green strategies, therefore the choice must be made conservatively to decide whether or not it would be advantageous to their basis.One of the most obvious of reasons to become a green beau monde is the cost benefit. The operating and physical costs that are required for businesses are constantly increasing, therefore in order to become more cost efficient, and businesses are recycling more consequently reducing productivity costs. With business being able to reduce waste and recycle more of their used goods, they can eliminate the costs it takes to eliminate those resources or to even store them. Eco-friendly policies also help to attract new talent. According to Lindsey Pollak, author of Getting From College to Career, students are looking to work for companies that care about the environment (Roff, 2007). Organizations can benefit from going green by reducing their energy bills as well. Energy bill reduction can come from utilizing high-efficiency bulbs in lighting. By installing lighting sensors, dimmers and a reflective roof, semiconductor maker Texas Instruments Inc. cut lighting energy at its office building in Richardson, Texas, by 80% (Roff, 2007).On the other hand, there are other disadvantages related to costs when a business decides to go green. For example, sometimes the costs to install and maintain green materials may not offset the savings in the long or short run. In the event that th... ...same point when environmentally friendly practices complement the inclination of achieving fiscal soundness and greater profits, companies are more than willing to go green (Gorbett, Salvaterra & Skiba, p.2 2005). In my opinion, the factor that would have the greatest bearing on the companys decision to go green is the cost savings because all other rationales would follow based on if the company felt that the savings would be costs effective in the long run. The organization would not attract any investors or many investors if they feel as thought their investments would be vitiated on trying to incorporate a green working environment, then the company would experience a low consumer market as a result. They would be spending more of the investors money on trying to remain green and losing out on the innovative ideas that competitors would have the advantage over.

The Impact of American Colonial Rule on Puerto Rican Society :: American History

The Impact of American Colonial Rule on Puerto Rican SocietyIn 1982 a journalist by the tell of Luis Lpez Nieves published an article in La Claridad, a well- seeed pro-independence news weekly in Puerto Rico. The article revealed new information concerning the history of the American impact of Puerto Rico. According to Nieves the U.S. did not raid the island on July 25, 1898, rather a few days earlier in a townsfolk called Seva. Apparently in this town the people did not only resist the Americans but defeated the Americans by forcing them back to sea, where they then decided to reenter the island through Guanica on July 25, 1898. Once the U.S. gained control of the island the multitude returned to the town of Seva with the intentions of erasing its existence forever. The majority of the people who read this article believed it was true, despite continual efforts by Puerto Rican historians to tell everyone that the article was a hoax. In fact, people were so affected by this story that thousands protested the American government, calling them murderers. Many also went to the town in Puerto Rico where Nieves claimed the town of Seva was massacred in order to give their respect to those that supposedly died in the resistance. What was it that caused thousands of Puerto Ricans to blindly embrace this fictional story of Puerto Rican resistance? The desire to have the ability to defend their honor and say, We have resisted the Americans, was most believably a major reason for the strong belief in Nieves story. Throughout the islands history, its people have been labeled as docile creatures. This symbol has true because they have never been able to unite in order to fight for their independence, making it seems as if they are a submissive people. Numerous factors such as having misleading ideas concerning U.S. intentions toward the island and class divisions between the Puerto Ricans have contributed to their extensive history as a colony.When Puerto Ricans foun d out that the Americans were taking control of Puerto Rico, many helped them fight turned the Spaniards. They were beneath the impression that the land of the free was coming to liberate the island of its oppressors. As Reverend Henry Carroll reported to President McKinley in 1898 on the conditions of the island, They expect under American sovereignty that the wrongs of centuries will be righted(Tras-Monge 36).

The Impact of American Colonial Rule on Puerto Rican Society :: American History

The Impact of American Colonial Rule on Puerto Rican SocietyIn 1982 a journalist by the name of Luis Lpez Nieves promulgated an article in La Claridad, a well-respected pro-independence news weekly in Puerto Rico. The article revealed new information concerning the history of the American invasion of Puerto Rico. According to Nieves the U.S. did non raid the island on July 25, 1898, rather a few days earlier in a town called Seva. Apparently in this town the people did not only resist the Americans but defeated the Americans by forcing them back to sea, where they then decided to reenter the island through Guanica on July 25, 1898. Once the U.S. gained control of the island the military returned to the town of Seva with the intentions of erasing its man forever. The majority of the people who read this article believed it was true, despite continual efforts by Puerto Rican historians to tell everyone that the article was a hoax. In fact, people were so affected by this story that thousands protested the American government, calling them murderers. Many also went to the town in Puerto Rico where Nieves claimed the town of Seva was massacred in order to give their respect to those that supposedly died in the resistance. What was it that caused thousands of Puerto Ricans to blindly embrace this fictional story of Puerto Rican resistance? The desire to have the ability to defend their honor and say, We have resisted the Americans, was most likely a major reason for the strong belief in Nieves story. Throughout the islands history, its people have been labeled as docile creatures. This symbol has developed because they have never been able to unite in order to fight for their independence, making it seems as if they are a submissive people. Numerous factors such as having misleading ideas concerning U.S. intentions toward the island and socio-economic class divisions between the Puerto Ricans have contributed to their extensive history as a colony.When Puerto Ri cans found out that the Americans were taking control of Puerto Rico, many helped them fight off the Spaniards. They were under the photograph that the land of the free was coming to liberate the island of its oppressors. As Reverend Henry Carroll reported to President McKinley in 1898 on the conditions of the island, They expect under American sovereignty that the wrongs of centuries will be righted(Tras-Monge 36).

African Philosophy Essay

INTRODUCTIONThe bother is that we consider a learner who has come from a different province to attend our school and has a problem socialising with the other children. She does not have any friends and is always al ane. As a teacher, I believe it is my duty to try and help her. Nobody should have to be left feeling alone and out of place. She unavoidably to fit in with the other learners. I would have to show them that they need to kickshaw one another with kindness. African philosophical system teaches us to build communities so I decided to use it in trying to solve this problem. It alike teaches us to treat others with respect and dignity. I will focus on the central ethical idea in traditional thought which is Ubuntu. It encourages us to be humble humankind beings beings.CONTENTAfrican philosophy stems from tradition and emphasises on the community and puts that at the centre of life. It is a way of echoing. It promotesAfrican identity and provides cultural unity. It is the response of the troubles of Africa, where intellects jilted the westerners domination by proving them wrong with regards to their belief that Africans were unable to develop a rational and scientific thought. African philosophy instils decent set in people and teaches us to love our neighbours and that we have a duty towards them. It consists of four different methods. Firstly, Ehtnic philosophy also defined as the philosophy of Africa , consists of ghostly and moral beliefs and contains peoples view of life and the experience of human beings. Secondly, Sage (wisdom) philosophy- focuses on individuals who are wise and far sighted and can think critic anyy. Thirdly, Political philosophy -is very unique and different from the others.It is expected to be an African political philosophy, unlike capitalist, socialist or communist politics. Lastly, Pure philosophy -is philosophy done in areas such as empiricism, critical rationalism and existentialism. African philosophy also incl udes the principles of Ubuntu. Ubuntu, meaning humanity is related to well being and happiness. It is about caring and sharing, and forgiveness and reconciliation. It promotes peace and unity, and discourages discrimination. A fuller meaning of ubuntu is I am because you are.This means that we exist and develop only in relationships with others. It teaches us to live in harmony irrespective of our differences. Everybody should be made to feel important. Ubuntuism is meant to instil good values in a person, where you put the needs of other people before your own. African philosophy and ubuntuism emphasises on the importance of being kind and considerate to others.By making the learners aware of the ubuntu principles, I almost certainly believe that it would exonerate a huge difference in the way they behave and react towards the new learner. A community is expected to make any person feel welcome and in the same way, so should the learners. They need to make her a part of the group . She should be able to fit in comfortably and feel a sense of belonging.CONCLUSIONThe advantages of African philosophy are that it encourages the building of communities. It gives us a deeper understanding of ourselves. It teaches us the importance of last and tradition and the need for it in our life. It shows us that we should love and appreciate all human beings. We should treat everyone equally. It promotes African identity and makes us feel proud to be Africans. However, there are also disadvantages to the African philosophy. It does not encourage critical thinking. It does not challenge power structures.It is unable to accept women and men as equals. It also tends to ignore the needs of the individual. It tolerates superstitious practices and is not widely accepted. It relies too much on tradition. Children should be taught from an early age to show love and respect to all people irrespective of colour and creed. I would make the children aware of how important it is to foll ow the ubuntu principles so that everyone can be happy and feel more relaxed. African philosophy would be the best method indeed to solve this problem as it promotes peace and harmony and should be practiced by every human being.BIBLIOGRAPHYHiggs, P. & Smith, J. 2012. Rethinking our World. Cape Town Juta. Theoretical Frameworks in Education. Study Guide. PretoriaWikipedia, the free encyclopaedia

Pride Goes Before A Fall Essay

In a bid to exemplify the notions statement, rob goes before a fall, Alice Walker, Joyce Carol Oates and crapper Updike draw on their main characters Dee, Connie, and Sammy in their stories Every day Use, Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? and A&P respectively. Dee, Connie and Sammy are an example of how the notion of pride is shown in various ways and how as their pride reaches its peak, they fall. Dee shows her pride in her self centered personality that causes her to lose her gustatory modality for her beat and her sister Maggie, and causes her to abandon her inheritance and become distant.Connie, in Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? shows pride in her overconfidence that leads her to act impetuously causing her to lose her personal safety. Sammy, in A&P shows pride by simply quitting his job in response to what he views to be an unacceptable behavior by his boss, and wishes to view the attention of girls that merely bang him. The Preoccupation with pride t hat these characters have causes them to eventually fall. Dees egocentrism leads her to become unappreciative to both her family and her heritage.Dee reveals her true personality when she responds to her mother for the reason she wants to take the quilts rather of her sister in the credit entry, Hang them, she said. As if that was the only thing you could do with quilts(Walker 375). This quotation shows moment when Mamas attitude changes in the story. Before it, she was amenable to Dee and had much respect for her. After, she realizes that Dee will never be grateful to her or even able to understand that there are other people in this world besides herself.Dees pride is shown in her eagerness to take the quilts that are originally for Maggie She ignores her sisters feelings and her mothers will. She fakes love for her mothers old things because they are expensive, not because she enjoys the history and is proud of her heritage. The pride causes Dee to lose her appreciation for he r mother, sister, and heritage and at the identical time she loses her mother appreciation for her. Maybe if she did not respond to her mothers question by simply hanging the quilts, her mother would have given them to her.However, her selfish desires of getting whatsoever she wants leads her to loose her mothers respect. Connies self assertiveness ended by her loosing her safety. Connie shows her pride in her personal thought as the narrative states, in truth Connie thought that her mother preferred her to June because she was prettier(Oates 53). Connies overconfidence of her self comes from her beauty. She finds her self to be a beautiful offspring girl who is a point of stakes among the boys.As a result of herself, she builds up her personality with that overconfidence, while at the same time building her pride up. As soon as her pride is at its maximum level, she acts in an impetuous way ignoring the outcomes of her actions, this can be seen through the quotation, It was a car she didnt know she whispered Christ, Christ, wondering how spoiled she looked she went into the kitchen and approached the door slowly, then hung out the screen door, her bare toes curling down off the step(Oates 54). This quotation shows Connies pride and how her pride causes her to fall.Connies response when she finds a stranger in her driveway by wondering how she looks reveals that her pride takes value over her safety, while the normal thoughts that any body can rally about when he finds a stranger entering his driveway is thinking about his safety, Connie is only concerned with her beauty. Connies overconfidence pushes her to approach the door which is the commencement of her fall. Connie lives in her small safe life of teenagers, not taking into consideration the outside wild life that she approaches blindly.At the time she decided to open the door, Connie the teenager and the young adult is blended together. Connie is in a stage of maturation She decides to approach the door for the stranger which is the teenager side of her mind and at the same time she approaches it slowly which is the young adult side of her character. Her action to hang out the screen door is the time when Connie is completely mature and considered a young adult. At this moment, Connie cannot go back to the level of maturity she had when she was a teenager. Connie starts the fall.Connies overconfidence causes her to portray an imaginary photo of how the world is and she acts from this perspective which ultimately ends her losing her self security. Sammy resigning his job shows pride, moreover renders him inferior in society. Sammy shows pride in the way he reacts to his boss, Mr. Lengel. The way he treats the girls is shown in the quotation, The girls whod blame them, are in a hurry to get out, so I say I quit to Lengel quick enough for them to hear, hoping theyll stop and watch me, their unsuspected hero(Updike 87).The quotation shows the girls reaction to Mr. Lengels wo rds. They want to go out of the store as quick as they can. It also shows Sammys rashness in thoughts and making decisions by stating that he quits in a quick manner. Quitting to Sammy is a way that he shows pride and is a way to grab the girls attention. He is showing that he supports them, and he thinks that they will consider him their hero. Sammy also shows hesitation that his action may attract the girls attention. He hopes that by quitting, his proud actions will grab their attention.However, he comes out of the store and he does not find any body waiting for him. As the narrator states, I look around for the girls, but theyre gone I felt how hard the world was going to be to me hereafter(Updike 88). At this moment, Sammy realizes his fall. This fall can be viewed in cardinal perspectives. The first perspective is a superficial one because he thought that the girls would be impressed and would be waiting for him which they didnt. The second is when he realized that he quit hi s only job and that world will be hard to him, which is something that is hard to handle.

Mintzberg †the Fall and Rise of Strategic Planning Essay

The Fall and Rise of Strategic cooking by Henry Mintzberg When strategic formulation arrived on the scene in the mid-? 1960s, collective leaders embraced it as the one best way to devise and implement strategies that would enhance the competitiveness of each business unit. True to the scientific management pioneered by Frederick Taylor, this one best way involved separating thinking from doing and creating a new function staffed by specialists strategic planners. Planning systems were expected to produce the best strategies as well as step-? by-? step instructions for arrying out those strategies so that the doers, the managers of businesses, could not get them wrong.As we now know, planning has not exactly worked out that way. age certainly not dead, strategic planning has long since fallen from its pedestal. But even now, few people fully understand the reason strategic planning is not strategic thinking. Indeed, strategic planning often spoils strategic thinking, causing manag ers to confuse real vision with the manipulation of numbers. And this confusion lies at the heart of the offspring the most successful strategies are visions, not plans. Strategic planning, as it has een practiced, has really been strategic programming, the articulation and elaboration of strategies, or visions, that al shooty exist. When companies understand the difference in the midst of planning and strategic thinking, they can get back to what the strategy-? making process should be capturing what the manager learns from all sources (both the soft insights from his or her personal experiences and the experiences of others throughout the plaque and the hard data from market research and the like) and then synthesizing that learning into a vision of the direction that the business should pursue.Organizations isenchanted with strategic planning should not get release of their planners or conclude that there is no need for programming. Rather, organizations should transform the conventional planning job. Planners should make their contribution around the strategy-? making process rather than intimate it. They should supply the formal analyses or hard data that strategic thinking requires, as long as they do it to broaden the consideration of issues rather than to grasp the one right answer. They should act as catalysts who support strategy making by aiding and encouraging managers to think strategically. And, finally, they an be programmers of a strategy, helping to specify the serial publication of concrete steps needed to carry out the vision. By redefining the planners job, companies will acknowledge the difference between planning and strategic thinking. Planning has always been about analysisabout breaking down a goal or set of intentions into steps, formalizing those steps so that they can be utilise almost automatically, and articulating the anticipated consequences or results of each step.I favour a set of analytical techniques for developing st rategy, Michael 1 Porter, probably the most widely read writer on strategy, wrote in he Economist. The label strategic planning has been applied to all kinds of activities, such as going off to an informal seclude in the mountains to talk about strategy. But call that activity planning, let conventional planners organize it, and watch how quickly the event becomes formalized (mission statements in the morning, mind of corporate strengths and weaknesses in the afternoon, strategies carefully articulated by 5 p. m. ). Strategic thinking, in contrast, is about synthesis.

Food Retail in Europe

INDUSTRY PROFILE solid food sell in atomic number 63 Reference Code 0201-2058 Publication Date June 2010 www. datamonitor. com Datamonitor USA 245 Fifth avenue 4th Floor New York, NY 10016 USA t +1 212 686 7400 f +1 212 686 2626 e emailprotected com Datamonitor atomic number 63 119 Farringdon Road capital of the United Kingdom EC1R 3DA United Kingdom t +44 20 7551 9000 f +44 20 7675 7500 e emailprotected com Datamonitor Middle East and North America Datamonitor PO Box 24893 Dubai, UAE t +49 69 9754 4517 f +49 69 9754 4900 e emailprotected datamonitor. om Datamonitor Asia Pacific Level 46, 2 Park Street Sydney, NSW 2000 Australia t +61 2 8705 6900 f +61 2 8705 6901 e emailprotected com atomic number 63 food for thought sell Datamonitor. This compose is a accredited w be and is not to be photocopied 0201 2058 2009 rogue 1 administrator SUMMARY EXECUTIVE SUMMARY merchandise comfort The European victuals shit sedulousness grew by 8. 5% in 2009 to reach a value of $1,66 3. 1 billion. merchandise value forecast In 2014, the European regimen sell diligence is forecast to give way a value of $2,477. billion, an increase of 49% since 2009. Market partition I Hypermarkets, supermarkets, and bank discounters sales proved the most lucrative for the European nourishment sell manufacturing in 2009, with total taxations of $798. 5 billion, equivalent to 48% of the patiences general value. Market air division II Ger many an(prenominal) accounts for 14. 1% of the European solid food sell industry value. Market rivalry The industry is becoming consolidated with large bowed stringed instrument supermarkets or hypermarkets wielding more(prenominal) causation over smaller specialty, luxury or organic food outlets.Europe Food Retail Datamonitor. This visibility is a pass crop and is not to be photocopied 0201 2058 2009 foliate 2 table of contents TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY grocery OVERVIEW Market commentary Research highlights Market analysis MARKET cheer MARKET SEGMENTATION I MARKET SEGMENTATION II flipper FORCES ANALYSIS Summary Buyer power provider power New entrants Substitutes Rivalry leaders COMPANIES subway AG intersection point S. A.Lidl Dienstleistung Tesco PLC MARKET FORECASTS Market value forecast APPENDIX Methodology Industry associations link Datamonitor research Disclaimer 2 7 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 13 15 17 18 19 20 21 21 25 29 30 34 34 35 35 36 36 37 Europe Food Retail Datamonitor. This profile is a licenced ingathering and is not to be photocopied 0201 2058 2009 Page 3 CONTENTS somewhat DATAMONITOR subvention Reports Summary Reports Datamonitor consulting 38 38 38 38 Europe Food Retail Datamonitor. This profile is a license product and is not to be photocopied 201 2058 2009 Page 4 CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES circuit card 1 send back 2 Table 3 Table 4 Table 5 Table 6 Table 7 Table 8 Table 9 Table 10 Table 11 Table 12 Table 13 Table 14 Table 15 Table 16 Table 17 Europe food re tail industry value $ billion, 200509(e) Europe food retail industry cleavage I% share, by value, 2009(e) Europe food retail industry segmentation II % share, by value, 2009(e) Metro AG secern facts Metro AG mark financials ($) Metro AG tonality financials () Metro AG key financial ratios Carrefour S.A. key facts Carrefour S. A. key financials ($) Carrefour S. A. key financials () Carrefour S. A. key financial ratios Lidl Dienstleistung key facts Tesco PLC key facts Tesco PLC key financials ($) Tesco PLC key financials (? ) Tesco PLC key financial ratios Europe food retail industry value forecast $ billion, 200914 10 11 12 21 22 22 23 25 27 27 27 29 30 31 31 32 34 Europe Food Retail Datamonitor. This profile is a licensed product and is not to be photocopied 0201 2058 2009 Page 5 CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES bod 1 enter 2 project 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Europe food retail industry value $ billion, 200509(e) Europe food retail industry segmentation I% share, b y value, 2009(e) Europe food retail industry segmentation II % share, by value, 2009(e) Forces driving ompetition in the food retail industry in Europe, 2009 Drivers of buyer power in the food retail industry in Europe, 2009 Drivers of supplier power in the food retail industry in Europe, 2009 Factors influencing the likelihood of bare-ass entrants in the food retail industry in Europe, 2009 Factors influencing the threat of substitutes in the food retail industry in Europe, 2009 Drivers of degree of rivalry in the food retail industry in Europe, 2009 Metro AG revenues & favourableness Metro AG assets & liabilities Carrefour S.A. revenues & profitability Carrefour S. A. assets & liabilities Tesco PLC revenues & profitability Tesco PLC assets & liabilities Europe food retail industry value forecast $ billion, 200914 10 11 12 13 15 17 18 19 20 23 24 28 28 32 33 34 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13 Figure 14 Figure 15 Figure 16 Europe Food Retail Datamonito r. This profile is a licensed product and is not to be photocopied 0201 2058 2009 Page 6 MARKET OVERVIEW MARKET OVERVIEW Market definitionThe food retail market includes the retail sales of all food products, both packaged and unpackaged, as well as beverages (including retail sales of all alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages). All on-trade sales of food and beverage are excluded. All currency conversions are calculated at constant mediocre 2009 exchange rates. For the purposes of this report, Europe consists of Western Europe and Eastern Europe. Western Europe comprises Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. Eastern Europe comprises the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Russia, and Ukraine.Europe Food Retail Datamonitor. This profile is a licensed product and is not to be photocopied 0201 2058 2009 Page 7 MARKET OVERVIEW Research highlights The European food retail industry had total revenue of $1,6 63. 1 billion in 2009, representing a compound annual harvest-tide rate (CAGR) of 7. 4% for the period spanning 2005-2009. Hypermarkets, supermarkets, and discounters sales proved the most lucrative for the European food retail industry in 2009, with total revenues of $798. 5 billion, equivalent to 48% of the industrys overall value. The per buildance of the industry is forecast to accelerate, with an anticipated CAGR of 8. % for the fiveyear period 2009-2014, which is anticipate to drive the industry to a value of $2,477. 4 billion by the determination of 2014. Europe Food Retail Datamonitor. This profile is a licensed product and is not to be photocopied 0201 2058 2009 Page 8 MARKET OVERVIEW Market analysis The European food retail industry has experienced very sinewy increase in recent years and the forecast is for this to gently accelerate towards 2014. The European food retail industry had total revenue of $1,663. 1 billion in 2009, representing a compound annual growt h rate (CAGR) of 7. 4% for the period spanning 2005-2009.In comparison, the German and UK industries grew with CAGRs of 2. 1% and 4. 2% individually, over the same period, to reach respective values of $234. 8 billion and $186. 1 billion in 2009. Hypermarkets, supermarkets, and discounters sales proved the most lucrative for the European food retail industry in 2009, with total revenues of $798. 5 billion, equivalent to 48% of the industrys overall value. In comparison, convenience stores and gas stations generated sales of $381. 3 billion in 2009, equating to 22. 9% of the industrys aggregate revenues. The performance of the industry is forecast to accelerate, with an anticipated CAGR of 8. % for the fiveyear period 2009-2014, which is expected to drive the industry to a value of $2,477. 4 billion by the end of 2014. Comparatively, the German and UK industries will grow with CAGRs of 2. 5% and 3. 4% respectively, over the same period, to reach respective values of $265. 5 billion and $219. 4 billion in 2014. Europe Food Retail Datamonitor. This profile is a licensed product and is not to be photocopied 0201 2058 2009 Page 9 MARKET VALUE MARKET VALUE The European food retail industry grew by 8. 5% in 2009 to reach a value of $1,663. 1 billion.The compound annual growth rate of the industry in the period 200509 was 7. 4%. Table 1 Year 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009(e) CAGR 200509 mention Datamonitor Europe food retail industry value $ billion, 200509(e) $ billion 1,248. 6 1,321. 6 1,412. 4 1,533. 3 1,663. 1 billion 897. 9 950. 4 1,015. 8 1,102. 7 1,196. 1 % Growth 5. 8 6. 9 8. 6 8. 5 7. 4% DATAMONITOR Figure 1 Europe food retail industry value $ billion, 200509(e) Source Datamonitor DATAMONITOR Europe Food Retail Datamonitor. This profile is a licensed product and is not to be photocopied 0201 2058 2009 Page 10 MARKET SEGMENTATION IMARKET SEGMENTATION I Hypermarket, Supermarket, & Discounters is the largest segment of the food retail industry in Europe, ac counting for 48% of the industrys total value. The convenience stores & gas stations segment accounts for a moreover 22. 9% of the industry. Table 2 Category Hypermarket, Supermarket, & Discounters thingmajig Stores & Gas Stations Food and Drinks Specialists Drug Stores & Health and Beauty Stores Cash & Carries & Warehouse Clubs Other sum total Source Datamonitor Europe food retail industry segmentation I% share, by value, 2009(e) % Share 48. 0% 22. 9% 14. 9% 3. 4% 1. 4% 9. 4% 100% DATAMONITORFigure 2 Europe food retail industry segmentation I% share, by value, 2009(e) Source Datamonitor DATAMONITOR Europe Food Retail Datamonitor. This profile is a licensed product and is not to be photocopied 0201 2058 2009 Page 11 MARKET SEGMENTATION II MARKET SEGMENTATION II Germany accounts for 14. 1% of the European food retail industry value. France accounts for a further 13. 5% of the European industry. Table 3 Category Germany France Italy United Kingdom Spain Rest of Europe make sen se Source Datamonitor Europe food retail industry segmentation II % share, by value, 2009(e) % Share 14. % 13. 5% 12. 2% 11. 2% 7. 8% 41. 1% 100% DATAMONITOR Figure 3 Europe food retail industry segmentation II % share, by value, 2009(e) Source Datamonitor DATAMONITOR Europe Food Retail Datamonitor. This profile is a licensed product and is not to be photocopied 0201 2058 2009 Page 12 FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS The food retail market will be analyzed taking supermarkets, hypermarkets and specialist retailers as players. The key buyers will be taken as end-consumers, and food manufacturers, farmers, agricultural co-operatives as the key suppliers. SummaryFigure 4 Forces driving competition in the food retail industry in Europe, 2009 Source Datamonitor DATAMONITOR The industry is becoming consolidated with large chain supermarkets or hypermarkets wielding more power over smaller specialty, luxury or organic food outlets. In our analysis of the global food retail ind ustry, retailers such(prenominal) as supermarkets, hypermarkets, and specialist outlets, will be taken as industry players and end-consumers will be to a lower placestood as buyers. With a wave of different players within the industry, the size and financial strength of each varies accordingly.With consumers generally veneer no substantial switching costs, this buyer mobility forces larger retailers to maintain attractive pricing schemes. Specialist, luxury, or organic retailers do not face the same impairment sensitivity due to the unique level of product differentiation, yet due to the nature of such products, they exist more as niche markets and are not able to secure a large volume of consumers. Specialist outlets whitethorn have no choice but to commit to long term supplier contracts in order to secure a steady supply of quality or specially prepared products.Whereas, supermarkets and hypermarkets have a higher number of options and undersurface hold looser relationships with a larger number of suppliers. Europe Food Retail Datamonitor. This profile is a licensed product and is not to be photocopied 0201 2058 2009 Page 13 FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS Where branded products attract loyal consumers, the distribution channel for manufacturers is protected and retailers face pressure to stock the popular items. With established supermarkets and hypermarkets present, potential naked as a jaybird entrants may struggle to compete with hostile marketing and pricing policies.Nonetheless, relatively low doorway and exit costs within the industry and the emergence of expand health and ethical niches offer examples of possible niches in which new entrants may flourish sheltered from direct competition with current players. Food service (takeaways, vendors and restaurants) seat be seen as a substitute to food retail products however for the spacious majority of people it currently exists as an occasional accompaniment alternatively than a wholesale alternativ e. Subsistence farming is a more direct substitute, manytimes replacing standard retail behavior outright, yet it is no longer common.The absence of switching costs for consumers ensures a competitive climate within the food retail industry. Europe Food Retail Datamonitor. This profile is a licensed product and is not to be photocopied 0201 2058 2009 Page 14 FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS Buyer power Figure 5 Drivers of buyer power in the food retail industry in Europe, 2009 Source Datamonitor DATAMONITOR Retailers melt widely in size with large chain supermarkets or hypermarkets such as Tesco and Metro AG wielding power over smaller specialty, luxury or organic food outlets whose grip on the industry is square but currently limited.Accordingly, the financial muscle of industry players differs depending on the type of player. The sheer volume of potential customers in key areas of the food retail industry diminishes the standing of any individual customer. The revenue generated by any particular consumer is minimal, but collectively they represent wider consumer interests and retailers cannot afford to disregard the sensitivities of buyers. Price and convenience are two central concerns however they are not necessarily the principle factors. A rise in health consciousness has driven a growing demand for nutritional quality in food products.The culture of convenience now faces the challenge of a counter-trend in which a shift back towards fresh, simple or traditionally prepared foods undermines the retail rank of frozen foods and similar products. The emergence and development of ethical niches adds further momentum to this movement within the industry. The response of food retailers must accommodate such diverse interests. A number of retailers operate incentive schemes for frequent shoppers and this can help secure customer retention. By discouraging movement across retail outlets, consumer mobility is decrease and, in the long term, buyer power can be weake ned.Although high brand recognition does not automatically translate into consumer loyalty, if it is supported by a product range in which popular food products are central, the retailer can Europe Food Retail Datamonitor. This profile is a licensed product and is not to be photocopied 0201 2058 2009 Page 15 FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS a great deal draw in straightaway on the loyalty base that manufacturers have established. Specialty, luxury or organic retailers can, due to the high level of product differentiation, justify price levels that would other(a)wise be unsustainable yet the limited volume of consumers places restraints on the power of such players.Buyer power overall is moderate. Europe Food Retail Datamonitor. This profile is a licensed product and is not to be photocopied 0201 2058 2009 Page 16 FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS Supplier power Figure 6 Drivers of supplier power in the food retail industry in Europe, 2009 Source Datamonitor DATAMONITOR Suppliers to the food retail industry include food manufacturers, farmers, and agricultural co-operatives. In order to ensure stability and offset the dangers of local sourcing problems or price fluctuations, large retail companies often maintain relationships with a wide range of suppliers.This diffuses dependency, minimizing the risks to retailers and strengthening their standing in relation to their suppliers. Long term contractual obligations are avoided where possible, and switching costs unploughed to a minimum. With a firm hold on key distribution channels, the leading retailers can dominate negotiations with certain suppliers. This is often difficult for smaller retailers such as specialist, luxury or organic outlets. The limited number of suppliers in niche areas and the centrality of product quality or preparation type limits the available range of sourcing options.With switching costs later on higher, the balance of power shifts both(prenominal)what from smaller retailers to specialist suppliers. Whilst the need to satisfy consumer demand for popular products bolsters manufacturers, many others face the problem of a high degree of retailer mobility as they switch suppliers in accordance with pricing pressures. The position of many large retail companies has also been strengthened internally with a surge of feature brand products sidelining certain suppliers. Suppliers who are able to differentiate their product can wield some power over retailers, should their product be popular with the end consumer.Supplier power overall is moderate. Europe Food Retail Datamonitor. This profile is a licensed product and is not to be photocopied 0201 2058 2009 Page 17 FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS New entrants Figure 7 Factors influencing the likelihood of new entrants in the food retail industry in Europe, 2009 Source Datamonitor DATAMONITOR Large-scale, established retailers hold a natural advantage in operating businesses that benefit significantly from economies of scale, employing aggress ive pricing schemes that cannot be matched by smaller retailers. Strong branding exercises and fast paced expansion deepen this asymmetry.Nevertheless, large retailers are not invulnerable to the threat of new entrants. Exit and entry costs within the industry are relatively low, encouraging potential entrants. The rapid growth of health consciousness and a swell of ethical goods form attractive avenues for new entrants seeking to move into a niche area that offers inbuilt protection from pricing pressures and mainstream marketing. Given the presence of many large-scale retailers, and the protective cover of heavy branding, direct head-to-head competition is extremely difficult for new retailers. Strong growth makes the market attractive to prospective new entrants.Overall, the threat of new entrants is moderate. Europe Food Retail Datamonitor. This profile is a licensed product and is not to be photocopied 0201 2058 2009 Page 18 FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS Substitutes Figure 8 Factor s influencing the threat of substitutes in the food retail industry in Europe, 2009 Source Datamonitor DATAMONITOR The chief alternative to food retail is food service. Supported by strong marketing campaigns in the case of fast food companies, and cultural traditions with respect to sit-down restaurants, both types represent a relevant alternative for many consumers.However, for the vast majority of people, these ac corporation food retail rather than replace it. A more direct substitute is found in subsistence agriculture in which individuals or families farm food to provide for their own personal needs. This is no longer common, however, since the emergence of market capitalism and the impact of this substitute on food retail is fractional. Environmental concerns, increasing health consciousness, and fears over political or economic instability may, in the long term, give this substitute a more significant role.However, it is unlikely to threaten food retailers in the foreseeable future being both labor intensive and often involving considerable start-up capital. The threat from substitutes is weak to moderate. Europe Food Retail Datamonitor. This profile is a licensed product and is not to be photocopied 0201 2058 2009 Page 19 FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS Rivalry Figure 9 Drivers of degree of rivalry in the food retail industry in Europe, 2009 Source Datamonitor DATAMONITOR Competition is often fierce within the food retail industry.The neediness of substantial switching costs for consumers places pressure on retailers to secure their custom and loyalty. The limited level of differentiation across the basic product range pushes larger retailers into competitive pricing policies. The close similarity of players increases rivalry as they attempt to differentiate themselves through products and price to attract customers. Whilst some companies operate in other industries and can absorb the temporary impact of declining food sales, or high supply prices, for many, ood retail lies at the heart of the business. This basic dependency gives rise to aggressive competition. Rivalry is strong overall. Europe Food Retail Datamonitor. This profile is a licensed product and is not to be photocopied 0201 2058 2009 Page 20 conduct COMPANIES LEADING COMPANIES Metro AG Table 4 Metro AG key facts Schluterstrasse 1, 40235 Dusseldorf, DEU 49 211 6886 4252 49 211 6886 2001 www. metrogroup. de December MEOG Frankfurt DATAMONITOR Head office Telephone facsimile Website fiscal year-end Ticker carnation exchange Source conjunction websiteMetro Group (Metro) is a German trade and retail company organize into independent sales divisions. The group operates 2,195 outlets with approximately 12,350,000 square meters of selling stead. It has a presence in 33 countries in Western Europe, Eastern Europe, Asia and Africa. The company employs some 300,000 people. Metro operates in four business segments Metro Cash & Carry, Real, Media Markt and Saturn and Galeri a Kaufhof. Metro Cash & Carry is engaged in cash and carry wholesaling. Operating under the brands of Metro and Makro, it is the groups biggest sales division.Metro Cash & Carrys mixture of products is aimed at commercial and wholesale customers. It operates 665 stores in 30 countries. Real offers a range of food products and an assortment of non-food items. The selling space of the Real stores ranges from 5,000 to 15,000 square meters, with store assortments including up to 80,000 items. Real is found on a large-format hypermarket concept and operates 333 hypermarkets in Germany and 108 stores in Poland, Romania, Russia, Turkey and the Ukraine. Media Markt and Saturn sell consumer electronics across Europe. GaleriaKaufhof operates a chain of department stores in Germany and Belgium. The department stores offer modern lifestyle apparels for men and women and are present in shopping areas and downtown centers. Europe Food Retail Datamonitor. This profile is a licensed product an d is not to be photocopied 0201 2058 2009 Page 21 LEADING COMPANIES In addition to these divisions, Metro provides real estate management services through its subsidiary, Metro Group Asset Management. The company oversees more than 750 properties totaling eight one thousand thousand square meters of commercial space worldwide.It also operates more than 70 shopping centers. Key rhythmic pattern The company enter revenues of $91,119 one one thousand thousand million in the fiscal year ending December 2009, a decrease of 3. 6% compared to fiscal 2008. Its net income was $722 million in fiscal 2009, compared to a net income of $776 million in the preceding year. Table 5 $ million Metro AG key financials ($) 2005 77,482. 1 902. 4 40,000. 8 32,613. 0 246,875 2006 83,266. 6 1,658. 9 44,702. 2 36,293. 7 263,794 2007 89,461. 3 1,366. 9 47,099. 4 38,048. 6 275,520 2008 94,493. 6 775. 9 47,034. 0 38,941. 3 290,940 2009 91,118. 8 721. 7 46,814. 3 46,814. 286,091 Revenues Net income (loss) Total assets Total liabilities Employees Source company filings DATAMONITOR Table 6 million Metro AG key financials () 2005 55,722. 0 649. 0 28,767. 0 23,454. 0 2006 59,882. 0 1,193. 0 32,148. 0 26,101. 0 2007 64,337. 0 983. 0 33,872. 0 27,363. 0 2008 67,956. 0 558. 0 33,825. 0 28,005. 0 2009 65,529. 0 519. 0 33,667. 0 33,667. 0 Revenues Net income (loss) Total assets Total liabilities Source company filings DATAMONITOR Europe Food Retail Datamonitor. This profile is a licensed product and is not to be photocopied 0201 2058 2009 Page 22LEADING COMPANIES Table 7 Ratio Metro AG key financial ratios 2005 1. 2% 4. 2% 1. 5% (0. 2%) 81. 5% 2. 3% $313,851 $3,655 2006 2. 0% 7. 5% 11. 8% 11. 3% 81. 2% 3. 9% $315,650 $6,289 2007 1. 5% 7. 4% 5. 4% 4. 8% 80. 8% 3. 0% $324,700 $4,961 2008 0. 8% 5. 6% (0. 1%) 2. 3% 82. 8% 1. 6% $324,787 $2,667 2009 0. 8% (3. 6%) (0. 5%) 20. 2% 100. 0% 1. 5% $318,496 $2,523 attain margin Revenue growth Asset growth Liabilities growth Debt/asset ratio Return on assets Revenue per employee value per employee Source company filings DATAMONITOR Figure 10 Metro AG revenues & profitabilitySource company filings DATAMONITOR Europe Food Retail Datamonitor. This profile is a licensed product and is not to be photocopied 0201 2058 2009 Page 23 LEADING COMPANIES Figure 11 Metro AG assets & liabilities Source company filings DATAMONITOR Europe Food Retail Datamonitor. This profile is a licensed product and is not to be photocopied 0201 2058 2009 Page 24 LEADING COMPANIES Carrefour S. A. Table 8 Carrefour S. A. key facts 26 quai Michele, TSA 20016, 92695 Levallois-Perret Cedex, FRA 33 1 55 63 39 00 www. carrefour. com December CA Paris DATAMONITORHead office Telephone Website Financial year-end Ticker Stock exchange Source company website Carrefour is one of the leading grocery and consumer goods distribution groups in the world. The group operates more than 15,000 stores. Carrefours basal grocery formats includes hypermarkets, supermark ets, hard discount and convenience stores. Carrefour primarily organizes its business segments based on geographic presence France Europe excluding France Asia and Latin America. In addition, the groups business operation can be segmented on the basis of its store formats (as mentioned in the previous paragraph).Carrefour is the leading hypermarket retailer in the world. The group operates active 1,302 hypermarket stores across the world, of which 228 hypermarkets are in France, 494 in European countries outside France, 288 in Latin America, and 292 in Asia. In Brazil, the group operates its hypermarket business under the Atacadao brand name these hypermarkets offer a range of competitively priced companyowned and branded products in both food and non-food categories. In addition, the hypermarkets also offer services like insurance, financial services, home computer support, travel and delight reservations and mobile phones.The group operates approximately 2,919 supermarket stores in 11 countries under the banners Carrefour Express, Carrefour market, GB, GS and Champion. The supermarkets offer a wide appointion of mostly food products and some non-food products related to apparel, culture and waste, and tableware. Carrefours hard discount segment, Dia, operates about 6,252 hard discount stores in Spain, France (under Ed and Dia brands), Portugal (under Minipreco brand), Greece, Turkey, Argentina, Brazil and China. The groups hard discount stores offer a range of food, basic health, and cleaning products at discounted rates. Europe Food Retail Datamonitor. This profile is a licensed product and is not to be photocopied 0201 2058 2009 Page 25 LEADING COMPANIES The groups other activities comprise convenience stores, cash and carry foodservice stores, and ecommerce retail format. Carrefour operates about 4,813 convenience stores and 144 cash and carry stores. Convenience stores are in general operated by the franchisees under the banners Marche Plus, Sho pi, 8 a Huit and Proxi in France DiperDi in Italy Carrefour Express and Carrefour GB in Belgium Carrefour 5 Minut stores in Poland Carrefour City stores in Spain and Carrefour Convenient Buy in Thailand.These stores primarily offer a wide selection of food products these also offer a range of services such as home delivery, dry cleaning, 48-hour photo development, ticket distribution, photocopying, stamps and newspapers. Cash and carry foodservice stores provide wholesale and retail self-service mainly intended for businesses. Carrefour operates cash and carry foodservice stores under the trade name Promocash. Most of the cash and carry stores are operated by franchisees. In addition to the to a higher place mentioned store formats, Carrefour also sells its products through various ecommerce websites.Carrefour operates an online grocery store, Ooshop, a leading French online supermarket in terms of sales. It allows customers to shop on the Internet, and select from product listings including fresh and frozen items, at the same price as they would pay in Carrefours hypermarkets, with the added benefit of home delivery. Carrefour France hypermarkets non-food website, CarrefourOnline. com, offers products such as leisure products (DVDs, games, software, music, books and more), audio and video, household electrical goods, as well as music downloads and even flower and bicycle delivery.Carrefour. es, the groups e-commerce website in Spain, offers both food and non-food products. Key Metrics The company recorded revenues of $119,533 million in the fiscal year ending December 2009, a decrease of 2. 6% compared to fiscal 2008. Its net income was $608 million in fiscal 2009, compared to a net income of $2,140 million in the preceding year. Europe Food Retail Datamonitor. This profile is a licensed product and is not to be photocopied 0201 2058 2009 Page 26 LEADING COMPANIES Table 9 $ million Carrefour S. A. key financials ($) 2005 116,399. 7 2,199. 8 64,311. 1 51 ,259. 436,474 2006 121,561. 3 3,381. 2 66,093. 8 48,356. 4 456,295 2007 128,305. 2 3,447. 4 72,212. 0 57,385. 0 490,042 2008 122,678. 1 2,139. 7 72,420. 6 57,191. 7 495,000 2009 119,532. 5 607. 7 71,685. 0 56,229. 5 495,000 Revenues Net income (loss) Total assets Total liabilities Employees Source company filings DATAMONITOR Table 10 million Carrefour S. A. key financials () 2005 83,710. 0 1,582. 0 46,250. 0 36,864. 0 2006 87,422. 0 2,431. 6 47,532. 0 34,776. 0 2007 92,272. 0 2,479. 2 51,932. 0 41,269. 0 2008 88,225. 2 1,538. 8 52,082. 0 41,130. 0 2009 85,963. 0 437. 0 51,553. 0 40,438. 0Revenues Net income (loss) Total assets Total liabilities Source company filings DATAMONITOR Table 11 Ratio Carrefour S. A. key financial ratios 2005 1. 9% 2. 8% 9. 4% 7. 5% 79. 7% 3. 6% $266,682 $5,040 2006 2. 8% 4. 4% 2. 8% (5. 7%) 73. 2% 5. 2% $266,409 $7,410 2007 2. 7% 5. 5% 9. 3% 18. 7% 79. 5% 5. 0% $261,825 $7,035 2008 1. 7% (4. 4%) 0. 3% (0. 3%) 79. 0% 3. 0% $247,835 $4,323 2009 0. 5% (2. 6%) (1. 0%) (1. 7%) 78. 4% 0. 8% $241,480 $1,228 Profit margin Revenue growth Asset growth Liabilities growth Debt/asset ratio Return on assets Revenue per employee Profit per employee Source company filingsDATAMONITOR Europe Food Retail Datamonitor. This profile is a licensed product and is not to be photocopied 0201 2058 2009 Page 27 LEADING COMPANIES Figure 12 Carrefour S. A. revenues & profitability Source company filings DATAMONITOR Figure 13 Carrefour S. A. assets & liabilities Source company filings DATAMONITOR Europe Food Retail Datamonitor. This profile is a licensed product and is not to be photocopied 0201 2058 2009 Page 28 LEADING COMPANIES Lidl Dienstleistung Table 12 Lidl Dienstleistung key facts Rotelstrasse 30, 74166 Neckarsulm, DEU 49 732 30 6060 www. idl. de December DATAMONITOR Head office Telephone Website Financial year-end Source company website Lidl & Schwarz Stiftung (Lidl) operates a chain of grocery stores. The company primarily operates in Europe . Lidl operates about 6,800 deep-discount department stores and no-frills Lidl supermarkets throughout Europe. In Germany it operates about 3,100 stores. The company offers about 800 different products in its stores mostly under Lidls own brand. These include dairy products, frozen foods, sausages, fresh meat and poultry, fruit and veg delivered fresh every day, and a range of breads.Lidl is also expanding its presence into Denmark, Hungary, Norway, and Slovenia. Key Metrics Financial information for this company is unavailable. Europe Food Retail Datamonitor. This profile is a licensed product and is not to be photocopied 0201 2058 2009 Page 29 LEADING COMPANIES Tesco PLC Table 13 Head office Telephone Website Financial year-end Ticker Stock exchange Source company website Tesco PLC key facts New Tesco House, Delamare Road, Cheshunt, Hertfordshire, EN8 9SL, GBR 44 1992 632 222 www. tescoplc. com February TSCO London DATAMONITOR Tesco is a leading food and grocery retailer.The c ompany operates 4,331 stores in 14 countries worldwide. It operates in the UK, other European countries, the US and Asia. The company operates in a case-by-case segment retail. However, Tescos operations can be examined by the store formats operated by it Express, Metro, Superstore, Extra and Homeplus. The company has over 960 Express stores (up to 3,000 sq ft) offering fresh food at convenient locations. These stores sell a range of up to 7,000 products including fresh produce, wines and spirits and bakery products. The company has over 170 Metro stores (approximately 7,000-15,000 sq ft) in town and city centre locations.It offers a tailored range of food products including ready-meals and sandwiches. Tesco operates about 450 superstores (approximately 20,000-50,000 sq ft) at which it offers food as well non-food products such as DVDs and books. Tescos Homeplus stores (approx. 35,000-50,000 sq ft) are dedicated to non-food including clothing. Tesco has more than 175 Extra stores (approximately 60,000 sq ft and above) which offer a variety of food and non-food product lines ranging from electrical equipment to homewares, clothing, health and beauty, and seasonal items such as garden furniture.Additionally, about 115 Extra and Homeplus stores have opticians and around 270 of them have pharmacies. In addition to stores, Tesco offers retailing services through its online shopping channels, tesco. com and Tesco Direct. The company also provides broadband internet connections (Tesco broadband) and telecommunications services (Tesco Mobile and Home Phone) through a 50-50 joint venture with O2, a mobile phone company. Tesco also provides financial services through Tesco personalized Finance (TPF) which offers a choice of 28 products ranging from savings accounts and credit cards to car and travel insurance.All its financial products are also available for online purchase. Europe Food Retail Datamonitor. This profile is a licensed product and is not to be photoc opied 0201 2058 2009 Page 30 LEADING COMPANIES Key Metrics The company recorded revenues of $84,676 million in the fiscal year ending February 2009, an increase of 14. 9% compared to fiscal 2008. Its net income was $3,376 million in fiscal 2009, compared to a net income of $3,320 million in the preceding year. Table 14 $ million Tesco PLC key financials ($) 2005 57,602. 2 3,042. 4 31,811. 6 17,695. 242,980 2006 67,234. 5 3,553. 7 35,167. 3 20,447. 6 273,024 2007 66,461. 4 2,959. 8 38,664. 9 22,188. 6 318,283 2008 73,720. 0 3,319. 9 47,014. 4 28,463. 7 345,737 2009 84,675. 6 3,376. 0 71,779. 5 52,460. 3 364,015 Revenues Net income (loss) Total assets Total liabilities Employees Source company filings DATAMONITOR Table 15 ? million Tesco PLC key financials (? ) 2005 36,957. 0 1,952. 0 20,410. 0 11,353. 0 2006 43,137. 0 2,280. 0 22,563. 0 13,119. 0 2007 42,641. 0 1,899. 0 24,807. 0 14,236. 0 2008 47,298. 0 2,130. 0 30,164. 0 18,262. 0 2009 54,327. 0 2,166. 46,053. 0 33,658. 0 Revenue s Net income (loss) Total assets Total liabilities Source company filings DATAMONITOR Europe Food Retail Datamonitor. This profile is a licensed product and is not to be photocopied 0201 2058 2009 Page 31 LEADING COMPANIES Table 16 Ratio Tesco PLC key financial ratios 2005 5. 3% 10. 1% 10. 9% 6. 4% 55. 6% 10. 1% $237,066 $12,521 2006 5. 3% 16. 7% 10. 5% 15. 6% 58. 1% 10. 6% $246,259 $13,016 2007 4. 5% (1. 1%) 9. 9% 8. 5% 57. 4% 8. 0% $208,812 $9,299 2008 4. 5% 10. 9% 21. 6% 28. 3% 60. 5% 7. 7% $213,226 $9,602 2009 4. % 14. 9% 52. 7% 84. 3% 73. 1% 5. 7% $232,616 $9,274 Profit margin Revenue growth Asset growth Liabilities growth Debt/asset ratio Return on assets Revenue per employee Profit per employee Source company filings DATAMONITOR Figure 14 Tesco PLC revenues & profitability Source company filings DATAMONITOR Europe Food Retail Datamonitor. This profile is a licensed product and is not to be photocopied 0201 2058 2009 Page 32 LEADING COMPANIES Figure 15 Tesco PLC assets & liabilities Source company filings DATAMONITOR Europe Food Retail Datamonitor.This profile is a licensed product and is not to be photocopied 0201 2058 2009 Page 33 MARKET FORECASTS MARKET FORECASTS Market value forecast In 2014, the European food retail industry is forecast to have a value of $2,477. 4 billion, an increase of 49% since 2009. The compound annual growth rate of the industry in the period 200914 is predicted to be 8. 3%. Table 17 Year 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 CAGR 200914 Source Datamonitor Europe food retail industry value forecast $ billion, 200914 $ billion 1,663. 1 1,811. 4 1,978. 0 2,161. 3 2,359. 7 2,477. billion 1,196. 1 1,302. 7 1,422. 5 1,554. 3 1,697. 0 1,781. 6 % Growth 8. 5% 8. 9% 9. 2% 9. 3% 9. 2% 5. 0% 8. 3% DATAMONITOR Figure 16 Europe food retail industry value forecast $ billion, 200914 Source Datamonitor DATAMONITOR Europe Food Retail Datamonitor. This profile is a licensed product and is not to be photocopied 0201 2058 2009 Page 34 A PPENDIX APPENDIX Methodology Datamonitor Industry profiles draw on extensive primary and secondary research, all aggregated, analyzed, cross-checked and presented in a consistent and accessible style.Review of in-house databases Created using 250,000+ industry interviews and consumer surveys and supported by analysis from industry experts using highly complex modeling & forecasting tools, Datamonitors in-house databases provide the foundation for all related industry profiles Preparatory research We also maintain extensive in-house databases of news, analyst commentary, company profiles and macroeconomic & demographic information, which enable our researchers to build an accurate market overview Definitions Market definitions are standardized to allow comparison from country to country.The parameters of each definition are carefully reviewed at the start of the research process to ensure they match the requirements of both the market and our clients Extensive secondary research activities ensure we are always fully up-to-date with the latest industry events and trends Datamonitor aggregates and analyzes a number of secondary information sources, including study/Governmental statistics International data (official international sources) National and International trade associations Broker and analyst reports Company Annual Reports Business information libraries and databasesModeling & forecasting tools Datamonitor has developed powerful tools that allow numerical and soft data to be combined with related macroeconomic and demographic drivers to create market models and forecasts, which can then be refined according to specific competitive, restrictive and demand-related factors Continuous quality control ensures that our processes and profiles remain focused, accurate and up-to-date Europe Food Retail Datamonitor. This profile is a licensed product and is not to be photocopied 0201 2058 2009 Page 35 APPENDIX Industry associationsGlobal Food Market ing Institute 655 15th Street, NW, Washington DC, 20005 Tel. 001 202 452 8444 Fax 001 202 429 4519 www. fmi. org/ CIES The Food Business Forum 7, sorrowfulness de Madrid 75008 Paris FRANCE Tel. 0033 1 4469 8484 Fax 0033 1 4469 9939 www. ciesnet. com EuroCommerce Avenue des Nerviens 9-31, B-1040 Brussels, Belgium Tel. 0032 2 737 0598 Fax 0032 2 230 0078 www. eurocommerce. be Related Datamonitor research Industry Profile Food Retail in Western Europe Food Retail in Asia-Pacific Food Retail in the US Europe Food Retail Datamonitor. This profile is a licensed product and is not to be photocopied 0201 2058 2009 Page 36APPENDIX Disclaimer All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher, Datamonitor plc. The facts of this report are believed to be correct at the time of publication but cannot be guaranteed. Please note that the findings, conclusions and recommendations that Datamonitor delivers will be based on information gathered in good faith from both primary and secondary sources, whose accuracy we are not always in a position to guarantee.As such Datamonitor can accept no liability whatever for actions taken based on any information that may subsequently prove to be incorrect. Europe Food Retail Datamonitor. This profile is a licensed product and is not to be photocopied 0201 2058 2009 Page 37 ABOUT DATAMONITOR ABOUT DATAMONITOR The Datamonitor Group is a world-leading provider of premium global business information, delivering independent data, analysis and opinion across the Automotive, Consumer Markets, Energy & Utilities, Financial Services, Logistics & Express, Pharmaceutical & Healthcare, Retail, Technology and Telecoms industries. unite our industry knowledge and experience, we assist over 6,000 of the worlds leading companies in making better st rategic and operational decisions. Delivered online via our user-friendly web platforms, our market intelligence products and services ensure that you will achieve your desired commercial goals by giving you the insight you need to best respond to your competitive environment. Premium Reports Datamonitors premium reports are based on primary research with industry panels and consumers. 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Jolly Java Essay

Jollys Java and Bakery Jollys Java and Bakery For the SWOT analysis, I chose treasure the business plan for Jollys Java and Bakery. JJB is a bakery and coffee shop managed by two partners, Austin Patterson and David Fields. The company offers a gigantic range of coffee and espresso products at competitive prices, all from high quality Columbian grown imported coffee beans. In addition, the bakery will forget freshly prepared bakery and pastry products at all times during business operations. Catering to all of its customers by providing each customer coffee and espresso products make to suit the customer is a top priority.During the SWOT analysis, I discovered the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats for the company. The background commence of the owners strengthens many areas in the business plan. Austin Patterson has extensive experience in sales, marketing, and management, and was vice president of marketing with both Jansonne & Jansonne and Burper Foods. David Fi elds brings experience in the area of finance and administration, including a stint as chief pecuniary officer with both Flaxfield Roasters and the national coffee store chain, BuzzCups. With this experience, the owners could address a well thought out start-up plan.The problem with hiring a majority of part- time workers is stability. close to responsible and dependable people are not able to balance their daily expenses with only a part-time line of work. They would require a second job which can affect the work environment. The retail coffee industry in the United States has experienced recently rapid growth. The cool marine climate in southwest Washington stimulates consumption of hot beverages throughout the year. With minimal levels of competition in the immediate area, JJB is presented with the opportunity to take over the industry.

Animal Farm, Snowball Essay

He led a revolution, became a scapegoat, and was transportation systemd from his home lane. This person was Leon Trotsky, a Russian Marxist revolutionary. In the novel Animal Farm, Trotsky came out through a pig named sweet sand verbena. Throughout the novel, Trotsky is brought up more and more through snowball. Leon Trotsky is represented through Snowball by the many life events they had in common. Snowball was chased a expressive style from the farm and became an exile by piles trained dogs. In Trotskys life, he too became an exile from his home.He sent away and banned from returning. In addition, Napoleon claimed that all the ideas that had come from Snowball were actually all his own creations. One of them all plainly closed his jaws on Snowballs tail, but Snowball whisked it free just in time. Then he put on an extra spurt slipped through a hole and was seen no more(68). This is a quote from the scene where Snowball becomes banned from the farm. After Snowball takes charge o ver the farm for some time, his comrade, Napoleon comes to despise him.Snowball and Napoleon n ever agree on anything. Napoleon did not want the animals to side with Snowball, he always argued against Snowballs ideas and was never friendly towards him. What excessively went on was Napoleon, showing his hatred for Snowball, examined the layouts Snowball had made for the windmill and urinated over the plans. Napoleon showed his disgust by urinating on something that was important to Snowball. looked closely at all detail of the plans then suddenly he Napoleon lifted his leg, urinated over the plans, and walked away(65).Obviously the action that Napoleon just committed shows hatred for Snowball. After Snowball was gone from the farm, he became a scapegoat for Napoleon. It was suddenly Snowballs fault that the windmill had collapsed. Napoleon needed a reason for it to have fallen, and who better to blame than Snowball, that way the animals would want revenge by building a stronger one exactly what Napoleon wanted. In addition, it was announced that Snowball had been sneaking onto the farm to steal corn, boom eggs and what not.Whatever bad thing that occurred was automatically put on Snowball by Napoleon. Whenever anything went wrong it became usual to attribute it to Snowball(88). With hardly ever any proof, Snowball was always the scapegoat. In conclusion, it is obvious how Snowball went through the events of Leon Trotskys life. From having his ideas stolen to becoming a scapegoat, he led the life of a celebrated revolutionary leader, though it wasnt a very good life, he made a big impact on all of his comrades and will never be forgotten.

Religion and Filipino Mothers Essay

Rizals Reminders on Equality, Self Respect and True Spirit of Religion1. The tyranny of some is possible only through with(predicate) cowardice and negligence on the part of others.2. What makes one contemptible is lack of dignity and abject attention of one who holds one in contempt.3. Ignorance is servitude, because as a homosexual thinks, so he is a man who does not think for himself and allows himself to be guided by the thought of another is like a wolf led by a halter,4. He who loves his independence must first aid his fellowman, because he who refuses security system to others depart find himself without it.5. If the Filipina will not change her mode of being, let her rear no to a greater extent children, let her just give birth to them. She must cease to be the mistress of the home, otherwise she will unconsciously betray husband, child, native, land and all.6. All men are born equal, naked, without bonds. God did not effect man to be a slave nor did he endow him wit h intelligence to have him hoodwinked or commit him with reason to have deceived by others.7. Consider well what kind of religion they are teaching you. retard whether it is the will of God or according to the teachings of Christ that the poor be succored and those who suffer alleviated.In summary, Rizal s Letter To the Young Women of Malolos focused on five major points (Zaide & Zaide, 1999)1. Filipino mothers should teach their children love of God, body politic and fellowman.2. Filipino mothers should be glad and honored, like Spartan mothers tooffer their sons in defense of their country.3. Filipino women should lie with how to protect their dignity and honor.4. Filipino women should educate themselves aside from retaining their good radical values.5. Faith is not merely reciting prayers and wearing religious pictures. It is living the real Christian way with good morals and manners.

Comparison of Early American Literature Essay

The two selections Of Plymouth Plantation by William Bradford and The General tarradiddle of Virginia by derriere Smith are some of the earlier pieces of American literature.Although they were both written in the same time period the style and attitudes vary greatly. William Bradford had a very direct form of constitution commonly knget as plain puritan style, whereas, John Smith had a somewhat confusing, to a greater extent elaborate, writing style. Bradfords piece also seemed more accurate than John Smiths account. For example, John Smith wrote of his capture by three hundred bowmen, conducted by the king of Pamunkee which seems more than a lilliputian blown-up. After all, it generally doesnt take three hundred men to capture one. Smith exaggerated many measure in order to boast about himself.There are many times when he refers to his greatness. In the following quote he boasts of his leadership skills and compassion for his fellow men dapple belittling his superiors The new President and Martin, being little beloved, of weak judgment in dangers, and less patience in public security, committed the managing of all things abroad to Captain Smith, who, by his own example, good words, and fair promises, check some to mow, others to bind thatch, some to build houses, others to thatch them, himself al manners bearing the greatest task for his own share, so that in short time her provided most of them lodgings, neglecting any for himself William Bradford, on the other hand, boasts about his liquidation there was but six or seven sound persons who to their great commendations, be it spoken, spared no pains night or day, but with abundance of toil and hard of their own health, fetched them wood, make them fires, dressed them meat, made their beds, washed their loathsome clothes, clothed and unclothed them.Bradford and Smith, both leaders of their colonies, wrote of their hardships in the new world. Despite these similarities the way they acted was very di fferent. When John Smith writes about the Native Americans he refers to them as savages and barbarians. He even calls Pocahontas, the girl who saved his life, a young wench. Bradford writes of the Native Americans ashuman beings. He even had a peace treaty with them that lasted twenty-four years.They also had different motifs for writing, which may contribute to the many differences. Smith wrote his selection to supercharge people to come to America to find excitement and adventure. Bradford simply wanted to inform the readers of what the lives of colonists was really like.As different are their writing styles, motifs, and views these two men share some common ground, one being they are some of the earliest works of American Literature. So no matter how different or alike Smith and Bradfords writings are, History of Virginia and Of Plymouth Plantation will always be remembered as great American literature.

Mid-Term Break and On My First Sonne Comparison Essay

Discuss the carriages in which these poets explore the universal themes of sadness and want. (Seamus Heaneys Mid-Term become flat and Ben Johnsons On My initial Sonne.In this attempt I allow be comparing and contrasting the two poems Mid-Term fall apart by Seamus Heaney and On My First Sonne by Ben Johnson. I will be focusing on their elegaic qualities aswell as their universal themes of grief and loss. Mid-Term go around is about the aftermath of Seamus Heaneys 4 year sure-enough(a) brothers tragic conclusion and how his family and friends express their emotions and cope with the sudden loss. Whereas the 17th degree centigrade poet, Ben Johnson is make-up to express his sorrow for the death of his 7 year experient son dealing with his feelings of loss rather than thinking about the reasons for the death or the effects of this on the rest of the family.These are the intended effects they both have which I will be exploring and I shall be outlining reasons for this aswell in the rest of this essay including the interesting poetic devices and grammatical construction Ben Johnson and Seamus Heaney delectation and how they are similar and divergent from for each one other. On My First Sonne was published on the year 1616 and is consequently more apparitionally based as at that time life was dominated by religious views. Mid-Term Break was published in the 1980s so this will help me analyse the views of the 20th Century in comparison to the 17th Century and this is a main area I will be focusing on after an in-depth analysis of the intended effects of these poets when writing their poems.On My First Sonne has a different intended effect ov timell in comparison to Mid-Term Break. One of the main reasons for this is that Ben Johnson is writing as a literal attempt to reach out to his son to say his final leave of absence with lines such as Rest in soft peace, and, askd, say here doth lye which makes it seem that Johnson is communication with his s on. Seamus Heaneys poem is more of a narrative describing what happened on the day of his quatern year old brothers sudden death. In my assessment it seems as if Seamus Heaney is sharing his experience with other people who may have suffered in the same way and is exploring the emotions of more than just his own.To exemplify this point, on lines 4 and 5 it says I met my father crying He had always taken funerals in his stride. This contrasts between On My First Sonne and Mid-Term Break on two levels, the first being that Ben Johnson has exclusively included his own feelings in this poem such as on line 2 which says My sinne was too much hope of thee, lovd boy This has the effect that his poem is private between him and his son and is like a one-sided conversation.Whereas Mid-Term Break has a different intended audience altogether, I know this because the style of Heaneys poem is a first-person point of view in the format of a story and there are more emotions and feelings descr ibe including his parents and family members aswell as friends. By analysing the poetic voice and intent I earth-closet confidently make an opinion that Mid-Term Break elegizes Heaneys loss of his brother and On My First Sonne is a lamentation for the loss of Johnsons son.Both poets explore the themes of grief and loss in their poems. An example of the emotions of grief in Mid-Term Break can be explained by line 4 which identifies the many elements he has incorporated in a penetrating and in this case a distinct manner which says I met my father crying, this blatantly shows the sorrow of a close family member. But this feature does non appear in On My First Sonne, not only that he has not described anyones feelings other than his own notwithstanding he does not show expressions of grief in such a blunt form as in Heaneys poem. Johnson has described in line 5, O, could I loose all father, now. For why, that he has intense grief and is questioning opinion for why it happened to him.But the abrupt features account for the theme of loss in each poem aswell which is similarly truly open in Mid-Term Break leaving nothing to the imagination, it paints a blanket(a) picture of the convulsion in line 16, saying Snowdrops and candles soothed the bedside I saw him for the first time in six weeks. Paler now, this tells the reader the loss that e very(prenominal)one suffered and a place of mourn was set up for a large time in Heaneys brothers old room. Also, the themes of loss do not only reflect on what family members and friends suffered. It suggests the loss of a childhood in two forms, Heaney and his brother. The reason being that patently a child has passed away, but Heaney had to act very mature and throw away his child-like naivety to be told the horrible truth and to cope with the situation.I know this because it says When I came in, I was embarrassed by old men standing up to shake my hand which is on lines 8 and 9, he was uncomfortable with the adultho od and attention he had to face and so shows embarrassment when he had to deal with people in a mature manner. On the other hand, On My First Sonne does not fully show the reader that Johnson has encountered loss but with such lines as Seven yeeres tho wert lent to me, and I thee pay, (line 3) it tells the reader that he has had 7 years of joy with his son and relates it to borrowed time that was paid back to god, subtly including his religious views which dominated the era of the 1600s. The themes of grief and loss are overall shown in a more distinct manner in Heaneys poem whereas Ben Johnson has mainly kept these descriptions more subtle and suggestive.There is a highly legal word, father, that in context of line 3 could I loose all father, now is a great example to the religious as opposed to secular world of the 17th century as it has two meanings the first is that father is another name for God, Christianity was the dominant religion and is a very outstanding word even in t he 21st Century for religious believers as he is questioning his faith for why God has bestowed a horrible life-changing experience against him. In other words, he is saying could I lose all faith, now. The other meaning for father is that Johnson had lost his son and status as a parent. Alternatively, in Seamus Heaneys poem he has used next to no religious suggestions and phrases at all. Instead, he has entered a mainly secular approach with sentences that have hidden meanings such as The screw up cooed and laughed and rocked the pram which represents the care-free, nave life of a child.Each poem has a completely different structure from one another the first factor I can clearly see is the layout of the stanzas which in Mid-Term Break has a clear 3 line pattern. But underneath this outline shows enjambment from stanzas 3 to 5 which is very effective in linking the stanzas together. This technique is used probably to tell a story of what happened when he went into his home on the first day home from college since his brother had died and is effective at creating a scene as it wasnt limited to 3 lines in a stanza. On My First Sonne is entirely different altogether in the fact that the full poem has only one stanza which is 12 lines long but is similar in a way that it isnt limited to a number of lines in crack stanzas.A small factor I can also see is the final line in Mid-Term Break which has a great effect in compelling the reader to make up their minds on how he was feeling in an eerie final sentence. In terms of the language choice he has used in my opinion he is expressing anger by using the dramatic metaphor A four foot box, a foot for every year which means that his brother was only four years old. Ben Johnson has included a dramatic sentence that represents the bad influences and effects the world has on a child and that his son has escaped it in line 7 which says To have soon scapd worlds and fleshes pettishness, this represents that he has escaped evil and temptation (In the Lords Prayer).Overall, my opinion on these two poems is that Seamus Heaneys Mid-Term Break and Ben Johnsons On My First Sonne although similar in representing the themes of grief and loss, are two very different poems in factors such as their intended audiences and religious / secular views. The structure of the poems are very different in stanzas and grammar (Because of era when published) and both of the poems do explore the themes in a similar way but for different intended purposes.

Jane Eyre- Victorian Mores

Victorian Mores In Jane Ere During the Victorian era, It was only acceptable to abide by a couch of unspoken rules acknowledged by society called muchs. Some of the mores that were p resent In the eighteenth-century time period include the importance of the family, high standards of morality and decency, and that the great unwashed must be punish or rewarded for their actions and deeds. Although these mores are not present in modern culture, invisible laws still exist in society today and direct to be brought to awareness cause of the history behind them.In the Victorian novel Jane Ere, Charlotte tan exemplifies Victorian mores In an uncustomary way throughout the life story of a young woman named Jane Ere that faces much abuse, both personal and emotional, from the people around her as she is in continual search for a richer and fuller life. As Bronze uses Canes struggles and hardships to depict her hard life, she also uses them to exemplify the importance of a social house, c hallenge the traditional family ND to emphasis on receiving the correct consequence for the action one makes.During Victorian times, it was assumed that a echt Christian person would belong to a family. Bronze denounces this notion by making the mall character, Jane, an orphan. while she lives with her aunt and cousins, she is not at all case-hardened as part of their family. After being criminate of strikeinning a young gentleman (John Reed), Jane is reminded that she is not a true member of the Reed family as she is told that she is something slight than a servant (Bronze 7).Her relatives could have easily treated her with love and kindness, but instead she was deprived of a family that she not only needed, but deserved. Although Jane spends her early years without one, she finds a family towards the end of the novel that gives her a guts of belonging when she comes across a brother one she could be proud of one shecould love and cardinal babes (Bronze 446). The Rivers sis ters and SST. John were able to provide the strength Jane needed to push forward through her tribulations.Another more that was resent during eighteenth century Victorian literature is the importance of ones social class. Everyone was expected to belong to a class that defined them. Jane has the misfortune of belonging to a rather low social class and Is continually reminded of the fact. She Is treated as If she Is a beggar at the Reeds residence as John Reed tells her she ought to beg for everything because she has no money and everything belongs to him (Bronze 5). The painful reminders continue as Jane is employed at Threefold Hall as a governess.At one point in her stay, Jane is asked by her master, Edward Rochester, toxin him in a game of charades when one of his affluent guests calls her too stupid for any game of the sort which reminds her that she belongs to a lower class than, not only the thoughtless house guest, but to Mr.. Rochester as well (Bronze 207). This time In h er life, full of hardship and constant reminders of how she wasnt at all good enough, would soon come to an abrupt end when she finds out that she has an uncle who had passed away and willed to her a great sum of money.This event in her life gave Jane the opportunity to ascend up the social ladder as well as exhibit her generosity to her long lost family, the Rivers. Poetic jurist is another more that becomes more evident as the story progresses. Of health caused by a stroke due to her sons close (Bronze 253). John is punished in this form of Justice for the physical and mental abuse he institutionalise his cousin through. Additionally, Mrs.. Reed is punished for allowing her son to abuse Jane, who she promised she would take care of.Aunt Reed is also punished for her actions as she sees with the guilt of knowing she never truly accepted Jane as a part of her sustain family. Mr.. Rochester is punished for all that he has put Jane through. While hiding the fact that his wife was still support in the third story floor of Threefold, he is convicted of being a bigamist (Bronze 334). During the Victorian time period, conducting much(prenominal) practices was not only illegal, but religiously intolerable and socially unacceptable. Edward Rochesters Justice was brought to him as he is disadvantageously injured and becoming stone blind as his home was burnt down. Bronze 498). Justice is brought to people who deserve it for their misdeeds and wrongdoings and for the Reeds and Mr.. Rochester, they got what they deserved base on their actions. Most of the time Justice is unpleasant. In the case of Jane Ere, however, Justice works in her favor. Since she is guilty of nothing, Jane has nothing to be punished for. She is rewarded with three relations Born into her serviceman full grown ( Bronze 446). The Rivers sisters bless Canes life as they treat her as their own sister and not someone who is in a class that is underneath their own.Jane is also rewarded with a f amily of her own after(prenominal) finally marrying Rochester and subsequently having her first child. Being poor and unhappy most of her life, Jane Ere is brought Justice when she finds out that her passed uncle has go away Jane all his property and she becomes rich- quite an heiress worth 20,000 pounds (Bronze 442). Throughout the story of Jane Ere, Jane struggled to continue through every leg of her life. Through poetic justice, Jane is able to get what she has deserved for such a long period of time. She is remunerated with wealth and family.While her new family is able to provide her with the love and support she was deprived of when she was young, wealth is able to specify her independence. She is no longer tied down to and relying on another, but providing for herself. During the Victorian era, one was assumed to be a part of a family, belong to a social class and get what they deserved based on their actions through Justice. In Charlotte Bronzes novel, Jane Ere, she use s Canes struggles and hardships to depict her hard life, but also to exemplify the mores that were present during the the eighteenth century time period.